<p>The parish of Trinity Church, Elmira, New York was founded in 1833. Trinity Church is a parish of the Chemung District of the Episcopal Diocese of Central New York, centered in Syracuse, New York. The present structure of Trinity Church is located at 304 North Main Street, Elmira, New York. Designed by architect Henry Dudley, the church was built from 1855 through 1858. It is significant for its Gothic Revival architecture. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first recorded Episcopal service in Elmira was conducted by the Right Reverend Benjamin Treadwell Onderdonk, D.D., Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York on May 16, 1832. Services were again held in Elmira in 1833 conducted by James D. Carder early in the year and by Daniel E. Brown in May. James D. Carders report given to the 1833 New York Diocesan Convention in New York City stated, "n Elmira, Tioga county, he performed divine service several times previous to the middle of July; and on the 12th of June organized a parish by the name of Trinity Church. He has for some tome looked to that place with much interest, and now contemplates with thanksgiving to God the sure foundation which he believes is there laid for the Church. On the last Lords day, he had the satisfaction of administering the holy Communion for the first time in that parish. Thirteen communicated, and one was repelled." There were also reported to be three children baptized and one marriage in the parish that year. Trinity Church was incorporated as a parish on June 12, 1833, under the supervision of James D. Carder. The Rev. Thomas Clark is listed as the first rector.</p><br>
<p>Trinity&#39;s worship services began simply in a school house where Park Church stands today. As stated by Rev. Clark that Fall in his report to the 1833 Diocesan Convention, "I arrived in Elmira as Missionary to that place on the 20th of July last, and found a small but zealous company of Episcopalians, who received me with the most lively pleasure as their Missionary. Some of them had lived without the services of their Church for several years, not having heard an Episcopal minister at Elmira more than three or four times previously to my arrival. I have commence preaching in the District School Room, which I generally have nearly fill; and it is probable, if we had a church, there would many more attend." As parish membership grew, a need for larger quarters was evident. With comparatively little money, but the commitment of time, energy and building materials from the Church family, a new church edifice was completed in December 1836 at Church Street and Railroad Avenue. The church was consecrated on the morning of Sunday, August 27, 1837, by Rt. Rev. Benjamin Treadwell Onderdonk, D.D.</p><br>
<p>The present building at Church and Main Streets was designed by Henry Dudley of New York and built by Nichols and Washburn. The cornerstone for the present structure "...was laid with impressive ceremonies," by Right Rev. William Heathcote DeLancey on July 26, 1855. The first service was held in this structure on July 4, 1858, after it was completed. The church building was consecrated by The Right Reverend Arthur Cleveland Coxe, D.D., Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Western New York in services held on April 5, 1866, after the construction debt was discharged.</p><br>
<p>The Arnot Memorial Chapel was designed by architect Richard M. Upjohn, its cornerstone was laid in 1880. The chapel was consecrated on November 28, 1882, by Right Reverend Frederic Dan Huntington, Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Central New York. The chapel was built with donations from Mariana Tuttle Arnot-Ogden as a memorial to her parents, John Arnot and Harriet Arnot, her sister, Aurelia Arnot, and her husband, William B. Ogden. The principal window over the chancel was designed to symbolically represent the four people whom the chapel memorialized. This window was designed and executed by stained glass craftsman Donald MacDonald of Boston, Massachusetts. The decoration of the interior of the chapel was designed and executed by Cyrus L. W. Eidlitz of New York City. In 2023 the Trinity Church was purchased by Ryan McFall Enterprises and is under renovation to become the Empire Sports of the Southern Tier.</p><br>
<h2>Rectors of Trinity</h2><br>
<p>The Rev. Thomas Clark - July 20, 1833 - 1836</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Richard Smith - February 29, 1836 - May 1838</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Gordon Winslow - June 1838 - June 1841</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Kendrick Metcalf, D.D. - 1841 - 1842</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Stephen Douglas - 1842 -1844</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Washington VanZandt - February 1844 - February 1847</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Dr. Andrew D. Hull, D.D. - July 1849 - 1866</p><br>
<p>The Rev. William Paret - 1866 - April 1869</p><br>
<p>The Rev. George H. McKnight, D.D. - July 1869 - 1905</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Charles McKnight - 1906 - September 1911</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Herbert L. Hannah - December 1911 - January 1917</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Henry E. Hubbard - June 1917 - August 1953</p><br>
<p>The Rev. David Kingman - September 1953 December 1974</p><br>
<p>The Rev. John C. Humphries, Jr. - September 1975 - December 1997</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Dr. William C. Lutz - September 1999– 2022</p><br>
<p>Old Brick Church, once known as First Presbyterian or North Presbyterian, is an event venue in Iowa City, Iowa. One of the few surviving pre-Civil War structures in Iowa City, Old Brick was built in 1856 at the site of an older Presbyterian church that had burned. Its steeple was demolished in an 1877 wind storm, it was rebuilt with a crenellated belfry, giving it a distinctive appearance. Last used as a church in 1970, Old Brick was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 as North Presbyterian Church. In 1974 the University of Iowa purchased the property and intended to demolish the church to make way for a parking lot, but public protest prevented the demolition. This public protest manifested in the formation of Friends of Old Brick, the organization that purchased the structure in 1977. Old Brick changed ownership again in 1987, when Old Brick Episcopal Lutheran Corporation  purchased the building. Old Brick now thrives as an event venue and community center, hosting such diverse events as weddings, memorials, religious services, academic lectures, humanitarian fundraisers, and dance lessons. Old Brick also houses several non-profit offices.</p><br>
<p>Old Brick Iowa 1876.jpgOld Brick, 1876, with original steeple</p><br>
<p>Old Brick Iowa 2.jpgOld Brick</p><br>
<p>Old Brick Iowa interior.jpgMain Hall, Old Brick</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral Hill Historic District is an area in Baltimore, Maryland. It lies in the northern part of Downtown just south of Mount Vernon. Roughly bounded by Saratoga Street, Park Avenue, Hamilton Street, and St. Paul Street, these 10 or so blocks contain some of the most significant buildings in Baltimore. The area takes its name from the Basilica of the Assumption which sits in the heart of the district. Despite the number of large religious structures in the area, the district&#39;s buildings are primarily commercial in character, with a broad collection of significant commercial structures ranging in date from 1790 to 1940.</p><br>
<p>Cathedral Hill contains a mix of architectural styles from Georgian of St. Paul&#39;s Rectory to Art Deco along Charles Street. The area was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings</h2><br>
<p>Basilica of the Assumption</p><br>
<p>First Unitarian Church</p><br>
<p>Franklin Street Presbyterian Church</p><br>
<p>Old St. Paul&#39;s Episcopal Church</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Rectory</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Phoenixville Historic District is a national historic district located at Phoenixville, Chester County, Pennsylvania. The district consists of the older part of Phoenixville, especially the former Phoenix Iron Works site and its employee and owner housing.</p><br>
<p>At the time of nomination (c. 1987), the district contained 908 contributing building, 52 non-contributing buildings and one contributing structure (bridge). The district is "roughly bounded by Penn St., RR tracks, Fourth Ave., and Wheatland St." This historic district is the largest in Chester County.</p><br>
<p>The F. W. Woolworth Company Building is a historic department store building located in downtown Wilmington, Delaware.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From 1940 to 1997, the F. W. Woolworth Company operated the store, this location being one of the last to close. The building then housed a Happy Harrys drug store and pharmacy for several years until that company was purchased by Walgreens in 2007. Walgreens continued to operate the acquired Happy Harrys stores, including the Market Street store, under the Happy Harrys name for some time. The building was purchased by a subsidiary of BPG Property Group in 2008 who now leases the location back to Walgreens and its opened under the Walgreens name.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Designed by company architect H. W. Stakes, the art deco building uses steel frame construction with a masonry curtain wall. The facade on the 2nd and 3rd stories displays alternating peach and cream vertical stripes of terra cotta tile with lotus motifs. The building has a grey medallion with a raised "W" on the chamfered corner on 9th and Market.</p><br>
<p>When a Woolworth&#39;s store, the interior had two sales floors, the current ground floor and the bargain basement. The escalators to the basement floor are still visible in the store.</p><br>
<p>In 1959, Woolworth added a third story which appeared in the original blue prints. BPG has plans to renovate the building&#39;s upper floors and to add an additional two stories to the building for use as apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The building stands at the shopping intersection of 9th and Market streets a block off Rodney Square at the heart of the central business district. Woolworths also operated another store four blocks away at 504 Market Street. That second location now houses the Delaware History Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Woolworth, F.W., Building was a historic department store building located in Lexington, Kentucky, that served as a retail location for the F. W. Woolworth Company from 1946 to 1990. It was designed by Frederick W. Garber.</p><br>
<p>The store was the site of protests during the Civil Rights Movement against segregation during the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>After 1990, the city government favored creating a business incubator on the site. However, the building was demolished in 2004 and turned into a parking lot. As of 2022, the location is the City Center development which includes a Marriot hotel, restaurants and retail.</p><br>
<p>The F.W. Woolworth Building is a historic department store building located in Sundance Square section of downtown Fort Worth, Texas. The building served as a retail location for the F. W. Woolworth Company from 1926 to 1990. It now houses other tenants including a JoS. A. Bank Clothiers store.</p><br>
<p>Designed by Wiley G. Clarkson and James T. Taylor to be ten stories tall, the limestone and concrete structure was only built as a three-story building. The Classical Revival building includes an elaborate frieze. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Church Street Historic District is a national historic district located in the village of Saranac Lake  in Franklin County, New York. The district extends roughly along Church Street from Main Street to St. Bernard Street. It comprises twenty-seven buildings, including three churches, a medical laboratory, ten homes, two libraries, and six cure cottages, most built between the late 1870s and 1900.</p><br>
<p>Church Street is one of the five original streets of the village, connecting River Street to Main Street. Most of the buildings have features reflecting their use as cure cottages by residents suffering from tuberculosis. Patients sat out on the "cure porches" in order to be exposed daily, year round, to as much fresh air as possible.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Douglas County Courthouse is a historic courthouse at 6754 West Broad Street in Douglasville, Georgia, United States.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was built in 1956, after the 1896 courthouse burned down. It was built where three prior courthouses originally stood. It was designed in the International Style by Harry E. Roos, Jr. of Southern Engineering.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, after the opening of the new courthouse, it was set for demolition. However, the local Tourism and History Commission was able to convince the county government to keep it. It became the Douglas County Museum of History and Art. On October 24, 2002, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Douglas County Museum of History and Art</h2><br>
<p>Established in 1999, the Douglas County Museum of History and Art features rotating exhibits of mid-20th century history, reflecting the courthouses era, and exhibits of local history. Themes include Native Americans, pioneer life, the American Civil War, the history of Douglasville, area veterans, black education, farm life and early medicine. The museums special collections of American pop culture include lunchboxes, record players, Coca-Cola items and television lamps.</p><br>
<p>The Bellanca Airfield was an airfield, aircraft plant, and service hangar built in 1928 by Giuseppe Bellanca and Henry B. DuPont in New Castle, Delaware. Located off Route 273 near the Delaware River, the plant produced approximately 3000 aircraft before closing in 1954.</p><br>
<p>The only surviving part of the airfield is the former Air Service, Inc. hangar, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bellanca immigrated from Italy in 1912 and continued his passion for aircraft design in the United States. His aircraft achieved numerous endurance and efficiency records. His $25,000 Wright-Bellanca WB-2 monoplane, Columbia, had been the first choice of Charles Lindbergh for his trans-Atlantic flight. On April 25, 1927, Clarence Chamberlin and Bert Acosta set the world endurance record for aircraft, staying aloft circling New York City for 51 hours, 11 minutes, and 25 seconds and covering 4,100 miles, more than the 3,600 mile from New York to Paris. Time magazine reported on April 25, 1927:</p><br>
<p>Engineer Giuseppe M. Bellanca of the Columbia Aircraft Corporation had conditioned an elderly yellow-winged monoplane with one Wright motor, and scouted around for pilots. Lieut. Leigh Wade, round-the-world flyer, declined the invitation, saying Mr. Bellancas plans were too stunt-like, not scientific. Shrugging, Mr. Bellanca engaged Pilots Clarence Duncan Chamberlin and burly Bert Acosta, onetime auto speedster, to test his ships endurance. Up they put from Mitchel Field, Long Island, with 385 gallons of ethylated (high power) gasoline. All day they droned back and forth over suburbia, circled the Woolworth Building, hovered over Hadley Field, New Jersey, swung back to drop notes on Mitchell Field. All that starry night they wandered slowly around the sky, and all the next day, and through the next night, a muggy, cloudy one. Newsgatherers flew up alongside to shout unintelligible things through megaphones. Messrs. Acosta and Chamberlain were looking tired and oil-blobbed. They swallowed soup and sandwiches, caught catnaps on the mattressed fuel tank, while on and on they droned, almost lazily (about 80 m.p.h.) for they were cruising against time. Not for 51 hours, 11 minutes, 25 seconds, did they coast to earth, having broken the USA and worlds records for protracted flight. In the same time, conditions favoring, they could have flown from Manhattan to Vienna. They had covered 4,100 miles. To Paris it is 3,600 miles from Manhattan. Jubilant, Engineer Bellancas employers offered competitors a three-hour headstart in the race to Paris. The Bellanca monoplane&#39;s normal cruising speed is 110 m.p.h. She would require only some 35 hours to reach Paris—if she could stay up that long again.</p><br>
<p>Lindbergh had been unable to get the plane, and commissioned the Ryan Airline Company of San Diego to build the Spirit of St. Louis to his own design. Two weeks after Lindbergh&#39;s flight, the Columbia flew non-stop from New York City to Berlin, Germany, a trip of 3,911 miles compared to the 3,600 mile route Lindbergh made from New York City to Paris to capture the Orteig Prize.</p><br>
<p>The Air Service, Inc. Hangar at Bellanca Airfield was built about 1936, and is built predominately of concrete block with brick detailing at door openings and at the locations of the piers that support the wood roof trusses. It measures 60 feet by 180 feet, and is the only surviving piece of aviation history left at the former Bellanca Airfield.</p><br>
<p>The Jennings Carnegie Public Library is a Carnegie library located at 303 North Cary Avenue in Jennings, Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>It is operated by the City of Jennings.</p><br>
<p>The library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 8, 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Jennings Carnegie Public Library is the oldest established library in the state of Louisiana. In 1889 the Jennings Ladies&#39; Library Association opened the first public library in Jennings, Louisiana. The first structure burned down in 1901, leading the association to purchase the site and request financial support for a new library from the Carnegie Library program. With a donation of $10,000 and the city providing funding, support, and maintenance, the women were allowed to proceed with the project. The new building was built in 1908.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The new building was built in 1908 with buff brick with white woodwork trim, and is located on a corner lot on the edge of the business district of Jennings. The main entrance is into a domed octagonal rotunda at the corner of the V-shaped building, with four Corinthian columns topped by a full entablature and a parapet beneath the dome. It is Palladian or Italian Renaissance architecture, designed by New York City architects Whitfield & King.</p><br>
<p>It was remodeled in 1952 and the south wing of the building was extended by four bays, with compatible brickwork and details.</p><br>
<h2>Collections</h2><br>
<p>The Jennings Carnegie Public Library has a number of collections.</p><br>
<p>The Historic Jennings Photo Collection</p><br>
<p>A large collection of photos from Jennings McComb</p><br>
<p>The Birth of Jennings</p><br>
<p>A three-volume collection of historical pictures and articles by Walter D. Morse</p><br>
<p>The Morse Collection</p><br>
<p>A collection of shells, photographs, and other historical items from L.L. Morse</p><br>
<p>The Jennings Newspaper Collection</p><br>
<p>Jennings newspapers dating from 1894</p><br>
<p>The Ron Wilkinson Postcard Collection</p><br>
<p>A donated collection of postcards from a native of Jennings, Ron Wilkinson</p><br>
<p>The High School and College Yearbook Collection</p><br>
<p>A collection of Jennings high school yearbooks from various years</p><br>
<p>254–260 Canal Street, also known as the Bruce Building, is a building on the corner of Lafayette Street in the Chinatown neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, United States. It was constructed in 1856–57 and designed in the Italian Renaissance revival style. The cast-iron elements of the facade may have been provided by James Bogardus, a pioneer in the use of cast iron in architecture. The building was constructed for George Bruce, a prosperous printer and inventor of new technologies in the printing industry, which was then one of New York&#39;s leading industries.</p><br>
<p>The use of cast-iron columns in the large, five-story tall building allowed for the installation of large windows that improved manufacturing conditions and efficiency. The lot had become available because a lumber mill standing on the site had recently been destroyed by fire, making fire-retardant cast-iron construction attractive. The mildly Italianate style of the building, makes it a particularly handsome example of nineteenth century industrial architecture. It has been called "Beautiful!" and "an important early example of cast-iron architecture in New York City". If the cast iron did in fact come from Bogardus&#39; iron works, the building would be "the largest and most important of his extant works."</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1985, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The First Methodist Church in Monroe, Green County, Wisconsin, now the Monroe Arts Center, is a Gothic Revival edifice designed by the former Wisconsin State Architect E. Townsend Mix of Milwaukee and constructed of Cream City brick. It was commissioned in 1869 by the First Methodist Episcopal congregation of Monroe to replace an earlier church building that dated to 1843. The adjacent parsonage was completed in 1886, and the complete ensemble was finally dedicated in 1887.</p><br>
<p>With its pointed-arch windows as well as the steeply pitched roof and tall, narrow tower, the church exemplifies the late-Gothic revival style. The angled corner belfry tower and decorative brickwork are additional hallmarks of Mix&#39;s design. Perhaps the most striking feature is the rose window with elaborate tracery on the front facade, composed of teardrop-shaped stained-glass panes.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Monroe Arts Center</h2><br>
<p>In 1976, the non-profit Monroe Arts Center, which was formed to purchase the building, took ownership and opened it to the community for performances and exhibitions.</p><br>
<p>distinguishTennō Station </p><br>
<p>Tenino station, located in Tenino, Washington, was built by the Northern Pacific Railway in 1914 along the mainline from Portland, Oregon to Tacoma, Washington.</p><br>
<p>The depot is rectangular in shape and is made out of the local sandstone. (The sandstone quarry located east of the rail line was also listed in the National Register of Historic Places.) The architecture is a modernized Richardsonian style with simplified stone coursework and arched windows. The depot had a passenger waiting area on one end and a freight room on the other. The agent&#39;s office was located between the two rooms.</p><br>
<p>The depot ceased serving passengers in the 1950s, but continued to handle freight into the 1960s. It was finally closed in 1965. The depot remained abandoned. In 1975, the Burlington Northern Railroad (the successor of the Northern Pacific) gave the depot to the City of Tenino instead of demolishing it as a surplus property. The city then moved it alongside an old Northern Pacific branchline, adjacent to the old sandstone quarry.</p><br>
<p>The city refurbished the depot and turned it into the Tenino Depot Museum, a museum of local history. Exhibits include a press used to make the original wood money, logging and quarry tools, railroad memorabilia, a 1920s doctor&#39;s office, and local antiques and historic artifacts. The museum is open weekend afternoons.</p><br>
<p>The depot was listed in the National Register due to its association with the development of Tenino as well as its association with the development of railroads in Washington.</p><br>
<p>The Elmira Coca-Cola Bottling Company Works is located at 415 West Second Street, Elmira, New York. It was built in 1939 in the Art Moderne style. The building was designed by architect Lucius Read White, Jr. The structure is significant for its architecture and its role in industry, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The building is no longer a bottling plant and now used by International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 139.</p><br>
<p>McGilbert House is a historic house in Lufkin, Texas. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>It is a one-story frame house with lap siding and a shed porch supported by wood posts. It was observed to be a rare surviving example of early company housing in Texas, and was deemed a "good example of worker housing associated with the Angelina County Lumber Mill and the company town of Keltys."</p><br>
<p>The "Old Stone Barracks" is the last remaining structure of a proposed quadrangle of early USA Army barracks built at Plattsburgh, New York in 1838. Of the four main buildings initially planned for the Plattsburgh post, only two were ever constructed, an officers barracks and an enlisted barracks which formed an "L" shape. The buildings were utilized by the Army for nearly a century. The officers quarters, in which Lt. Ulysses S. Grant once stayed, was torn down by the USA Air Force during the winter of 1963. The remaining building, the 200 ft long, two story "Old Stone Barracks," remained mostly empty after the early 1960s and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. In December 2010 the Barracks and more than 7 acres of property was offered to a Canadian real estate developer for $35,000 with the intention of building an apartment complex on the historic site. At the time, the Barracks property was appraised at over $775,000 and the sale sparked public outcry for its preservation. In 2014, the building was again sold to current owners Terry Schmaltz and Mary Theresa Pearl who redeveloped it as the home of the "Valcour Brewing Company." The new craft brewery opened in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the decades following the decisive British defeat at the Battle of Plattsburgh and the close of the War of 1812, the United States Military still remained suspicious and wary of British Canada. Relations with England were not cordial following the war and the establishment of a permanent Army Post for a garrison at Plattsburgh, along the strategically important Lake Champlain corridor, which for centuries had been a route for invasion, seemed an obvious choice. Although troops had been stationed there from roughly 1812 to 1825, no permanent military installation had been constructed with the men often being housed in dilapidated and inadequate log structures left over from the War. This was especially apparent in view of the usually harsh North Country winters. In an October, 1838 letter to the Commanding General of the United States Army, Major General Alexander Macomb, who had commanded at Plattsburgh during the 1814 Battle, Brigadier General Abraham Eustis outlined the poor condition of the soldier&#39;s quarters there:</p><br>
<p>I take the liberty of calling to your attention the deficiency of Quarters for the troops at this station. You are already informed that there is scarcely a vestige of the old barracks remaining and that in consequence I have directed the six old storehouses on the public ground to be repaired and fitted for temporary barracks...</p><br>
<p>The establishment of a permanent Plattsburgh Barracks was also partly spurred on by the military buildup associated with the beginning of the 2nd Seminole War in 1835. The outbreak of the War had drawn nearly a quarter of the total strength of the Army to the War zone in Florida. This fact had blatantly demonstrated to lawmakers and military leaders alike that the standing peacetime strength of the United States Army was far too small to meet the nation&#39;s needs. In 1838, Congress raised the standing strength of the Army to 12,539 men and the need for housing for them ballooned overnight.</p><br>
<p>The innovative permanent Army post planned for Plattsburgh was initially to be four stone barracks structures positioned in a quadrangle around a 200 ft square parade ground and surrounded by a wooden palisade with a western facing gate. Construction began late in 1838 on a rise overlooking the lake about a mile outside of the village. The site selected for the post stood just to the south of the three remaining earthwork fortifications left over from the 1814 siege, Fort Brown, Fort Moreau, and Fort Scott. These forts, which had been carefully laid out prior to the Battle, had been constructed under the direction of Major Joseph Totten, an expert in military and tactical engineering of the period. Together with two smaller redoubts which had been erected later, Fort Tompkins and Fort Gaines, the Plattsburgh fortifications formed a pentagon of interlocking cannon fire which could have protected the barracks from any hostile forces if the need arose.</p><br>
<p>By August, 1839, during the command of Benjamin Kendrick Pierce, stonework had commenced and the exterior walls of both the officers and enlisted mens barracks had been erected. The main barracks buildings were built of native limestone which was quarried nearby and transported to the site. The water filled quarry where the limestone was excavated is still visible today. After this initial burst of progress, however, the site experienced several periods of stagnant and halted construction due in part to bureaucratic red tape from Washington. After numerous letters and solicitations were written to the Secretary of War by concerned Plattsburgh citizens, the Assistant Quartermaster General of the Army, Captain R. E. Clary was dispatched to oversee the construction project in September, 1841. Under Clary&#39;s supervision by September of the following year, it was reported to the Quartermaster General that the exterior work of the "company quarters" had been completed with the exception of the stone steps, portico floors, stairs leading to the upper level, and adjustment of the columns. Although reports claimed the buildings were nearing completion, the companies at Plattsburgh were still quartered in the old temporary wooden barracks through the winter of 1842–43 as the appropriation made for completing the work had been nearly exhausted. It would be nearly another year before two of the four buildings were ultimately finished and could be occupied in October, 1843.</p><br>
<p>When finally completed, the enlisted mens barracks, which would later be called simply the "Old Stone Barracks," was finished with a very attractive and distinctive two story tuscan columned and corniced portico which runs the entire 200 ft length of the building and was covered with a skillion roof. Initially four external staircases along this portico allowed the only access to the second floor. One stairway for each of the four large second floor rooms which served as each Companys living quarters. The smaller and slightly more elaborate neighboring officers barracks was also finished with a similar two story portico although on the opposite side of the structure facing Lake Champlain where officers could enjoy the panoramic view and breeze of Plattsburgh Bay. Future 18th President of the United States Ulysses S. Grant occupied quarters in the officers barracks while stationed at Plattsburgh as a young Lieutenant sometime between his graduation from West Point in 1843 and prior to serving in the Mexican War in 1846.</p><br>
<p>The enlisted barracks originally contained 18 rooms, several of which on the first floor were utilized as a post hospital, dispensary, Company office, Sergeants room, Company kitchen, and mess hall. Four small storm-sheds and the hospital bathroom also extended off the first floor on the backside of the building. Many of the rooms were heated by individual coal stoves as well, providing a much appreciated measure of luxury for the soldiers during the winter months. Initially the western wall of the barracks was built of wood which would have allowed for an addition to be added to the structure later if the Army deemed it necessary. This never came to pass, however, and the temporary wooden wall was eventually finished in stone to match the rest of the facade. Within short order a host of smaller support buildings were erected at the post as well including a brick powder magazine, post headquarters, storehouse, carpenters shop, icehouse, guardhouse with an area for holding prisoners, and two deep wells for drinking water.</p><br>
<p>The military presence in the Champlain Valley was further augmented just four years after the completion of the new Army post at Plattsburgh when construction was begun in 1844 on Fort Montgomery at nearby Rouses Point, a massive masonry fortification mounting 125 guns which would guard the northernmost point of Lake Champlain. Fort Montgomery, by design, was never permanently garrisoned and it was assumed that if the need arose, troops from Plattsburgh could quickly be marched there to man the fortification. In May 1850, Major Thomas J. Jackson, who would later be forever immortalized with the nickname "Stonewall," attended a court martial at Plattsburgh Barracks. While there he wrote his sister Laura Ann describing his surroundings:</p><br>
<p>Remember me kindly to Mr. A and Family.</p><br>
<p>Your brother Thomas"</p><br>
<p>Various Infantry and Artillery units were stationed at Plattsburgh Barracks in spurts throughout the latter half of the 19th century. Beginning in the early 1890s, a sprawling expansion program greatly enlarged the Army Post at Plattsburgh to the north with the construction of 3 much larger and more modern barracks, relegating the 1840 era structures to a much more secondary role. All of the old and long abandoned defensive fortifications still present, with the exception of Fort Brown, were leveled to form a mammoth 40 acre parade ground known as the "USA Oval." In 1892 during the removal of Fort Moreau, which had been the central and largest of the three American forts during the Battle of Plattsburgh, numerous human remains, as many as 25 individuals, were unearthed which had been hurriedly buried either during or immediately following the siege. A similar situation occurred when Fort Scott was leveled, with some thirty or more skeletons being removed from that site as well. Cannonballs and other 1814 artifacts that were also recovered were purportedly sent by the Army to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. All of the recovered skeletons were buried with full military honors in the nearby "old post cemetery" in a mass grave marked by a large monument dedicated to unknown dead of the War of 1812.</p><br>
<p>It was also during this period that the 21st Infantry, known as the "Presidents Own," was stationed at Plattsburgh. Their nickname was bestowed upon them during their years at Plattsburgh by President William Mckinley, who when frequently summering nearby at the luxurious Hotel Champlain, would often visit the Post to review the troops and attend performances by the units band. From their barracks here, the unit would be dispatched to see action in the Spanish–American War in 1898, as well as the Philippine–American War the following year. Following its return from duty in Cuba, the 15th Infantry was stationed here from 1899 to 1902 prior to its deployment to China and the Philippines.</p><br>
<p>In 1899, the original interiors of the "Old Stone Barracks" were gutted and modernized to serve as a barracks for the Post Band which it remained until 1906. During the updating of the structure, two of the external staircases on the front portico were removed and several internal stairways were constructed. It is believed that during this period, the original skillion or "shed" style roof was replaced over the portico with the hip roof we see today. Also, off the backside of the building where the four storm-sheds and hospital bathroom were originally located, several small single and two story porches were built to allow more convenient access to rooms from that side.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>The barracks served in a variety of capacities throughout the first half of the 20th century. During World War I and the years immediately preceding it, the building served as part of the Civilian Military Training Camp at Plattsburgh, the brainchild of General Leonard Wood and forerunner of today&#39;s ROTC program.</p><br>
<p>In 1939, on the eve of World War II, Plattsburgh Barracks hosted the massive 1st United States Army maneuvers, a huge pre-War training operation involving aircraft, tanks, and roughly 20,000 soldiers.</p><br>
<p>The barracks was last used as offices and then apartments for Air Force personnel at Plattsburgh Air Force Base in the late 1950s. Following the demolition of the adjoining officers quarters in 1964, the surviving "Old Stone Barracks" mostly remained dormant. Around this time the small 1899 era porch additions on the rear of the barracks were removed and the entire building was boarded up as a historical structure. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. With the impending closure of the base in 1995, one of the last official acts of the Air Force concerning the building was to perform asbestos and lead paint abatement, removing most of the remaining interior down to the studs, and replacing the barrackss slate roof.</p><br>
<h2>21st century</h2><br>
<p>The only structures which remain of the original 1840 era Army post are the barracks, its adjacent brick powder magazine, and the nearby "old post cemetery". The original post parade ground is also still present. These structures represent one of the last remaining examples of the first generation of permanent USA Army barracks in existence in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The "Old Stone Barracks" itself changed little following the departure of the Air Force in 1995, remaining boarded up and closed to the public for another 20 years. The building was often the target of vandalism and frequent break-ins, due in part to the many ghost stories which circulated on the internet concerning the building and its purported (and false) use as a "field hospital" during the Battle of Plattsburgh (24 years before the Barracks was even built). Floodlights were added to illuminate the front and rear of the barracks at night, decreasing the number of forced entries into the structure.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, a section of paved road which ran beside the barracks and followed the route of the original dirt road into the post compound through the palisade gate was removed by the City of Plattsburgh. In December 2010, it became public knowledge that the Old Stone Barracks and over 7 acres of surrounding property had been offered to Bernard Schneider, a Canadian real estate developer, for $35,000. At the time, the property was appraised at over $775,000. News of the pending sale immediately sparked a public outcry and spurred a Facebook campaign entitled "Save the Old Stone Barracks." Details of the proposed development included the construction of a large apartment complex on the historic property. Bowing to public pressure and involvement by the New York State Office of Historic Preservation, the project stalled and the Barracks was again offered for sale.</p><br>
<p>In late 2014, the Old Stone Barracks was purchased by Terry Schmaltz and his wife Mary Theresa Pearl with plans to restore and refurbish the historic building as the new home of the "Valcour Brewing Company," a craft brewery. Initial plans for the 1.5 million dollar project call for a tasting room, meeting space, restaurant, and inn.</p><br>
<p>The Southern Thames Historic District encompasses the commercial and residential area immediately to the south of the colonial center of Newport, Rhode Island. This area, covering about 135 acre, was developed both residentially and commercially between about 1850 and 1920, with the majority of its growth coming in the late 19th century. It is characterized by densely built streets, including Thames Street, Newports major north–south thoroughfare. The district includes the southern portion of Newports waterfront, extending south from Memorial Boulevard along Thames and Spring Streets to Morton Street, and west to Marchant Street in its southernmost section. The district&#39;s housing stock and commercial architecture are largely vernacular wood-frame structures, set close to the sidewalk on small lots. The waterfront area is composed of wharves with warehouses and other structures, many of which have been converted to commercial use. One of the most prominent buildings in the district is the Emmanuel Episcopal Church, designed by Ralph Adams Cram and built in 1912–13.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. The northern portion of the district (from Pope Street north), is also listed as part of the Newport Historic District, a National Historic Landmark District.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Hyde House is a building at 3726 East Madison Street in Seattle, United States listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The building, built in 1909–1910 for liquor magnate Samuel Hyde, housed the residence of the Russian consul-general from 1994–April 2018 when the US State Department evicted the consul-general following the White House ordered closure of Russia&#39;s Seattle consulate office.</p><br>
<p>The two-story brick house is fronted by a portico with Corinthian columns; there is a brick carriage house in back. It is believed that the grounds were laid out by the Olmsted Brothers. The Olmsteds played a prominent role in designing Seattle&#39;s system of parks and boulevards, and were responsible for landscaping the grounds of the 1909 Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition on the campus of the University of Washington.</p><br>
<p>The General Ice Cream Corporation Building is a historic industrial building at 485 Plainfield Street in the Silver Lake neighborhood of Providence, Rhode Island, United States. It is a brick building with two sections, one two stories and the other three. The two parts were built in separate stages between 1915 and 1918, occasioned by the rapid growth of the Dolbey Ice Cream Company, which was by 1921 the largest ice cream producer in the state. The facility was operated continuously, via a series of corporate mergers by the General Ice Cream Corporation, until 1960. The property was then used to produce Sealtest brand ice cream by the National Dairy Products Corporation , but was shuttered by 1967.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2008, as a distinctive example of an early ice cream production facility.</p><br>
<p>Ave Maria Grotto, in Cullman, Alabama, is a landscaped, 4 acre park in an old quarry on the grounds of St. Bernard Abbey, providing a garden setting for 125 miniature reproductions of some of the most famous religious structures of the world. It was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on February 24, 1976, and to the National Register of Historic Places on January 19, 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The stone and concrete models are the work of Brother Joseph Zoettl, a Benedictine monk of St. Bernard Abbey, who devoted some 50 years to the project, the last three decades (1932 to 1961) almost without interruption. They incorporate discarded building supplies, bricks, marbles, tiles, pipes, sea shells, plastic animals, costume jewellery, toilet bowl floats and cold cream jars.</p><br>
<p>Born in 1878 in the Kingdom of Bavaria, Brother Joseph was maimed in an accident that left him slightly hunched due to cervical kyphosis. He immigrated to the United States as a teenager, settling in northern Alabama. Soon afterward he began studying at the newly founded Benedictine monastery of St. Bernard, where he took his vows in 1897. Br. Joseph was not allowed to be ordained as a priest, due to the rule of the period that stated any man with a distracting disability could not be ordained a priest. He ran the monasterys power plant and was, even by a monks standards, a withdrawn, quiet man. Brother Joseph rarely left Alabama, where he died in 1961.</p><br>
<p>The display is strung out along a forested trail that winds down past several building clusters built into a steep hillside. Roman Catholic cathedrals and monasteries predominate — notably St. Peters Basilica, the Monte Cassino Abbey and the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes — along with scenes from ancient Jerusalem, whence the grottos sobriquet, "Jerusalem in Miniature". Half of the hillside features buildings and scenes from the Holy Land. Also displayed are a number of secular buildings and the occasional pagan temple, including the Alamo Mission in San Antonio, the Leaning Tower of Pisa, Spanish missions, German castles, South African shrines, Hansel and Gretel&#39;s Temple of the Fairies, and even the St. Bernard Abbey power station, where the monk worked shoveling coal.</p><br>
<p>Near the end of the path stands an imagined Tower of Babel, recalling the vainglorious attempt of humans to build a tower to the heavens. Close to the end, a Tower of Thanks expresses Brother Joseph&#39;s gratitude for the support he received throughout the years building his sculptures.</p><br>
<p>Though executed in great detail, the scale of the edifices is often distorted, with towers and buttresses too large or small, as onsite literature acknowledges. A central artificial cave constitutes the Ave Maria Grotto proper, with pretend-stalactite-encrusted ceiling and statues of the Virgin Mary and assorted monks and nuns.</p><br>
<p>A fictionalized depiction of the Grotto serves as the backdrop for Jacob Appel&#39;s love story, Winter Honeymoon.</p><br>
<p>The C. Burton Hotel, also known as the Sycamore House, is located on NY 55 a mile west of Grahamsville, New York, United States. It is a wooden Greek Revival structure dating to 1851.</p><br>
<p>In its later years it was used as a house and a medical office; currently it is unoccupied. In 2005 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>As it currently stands the building is a rectangular two-story six-by-two-bay structure on a stone foundation. Its front facade is centered on a recessed porch, with large fluted Doric columns, echoed by similar cornerboards. A broad gabled roof is covered in metal cladding, and round-arched louver windows are near the top at either end. The rear features a polygonal bay with two entrance doors.</p><br>
<p>The building is sided in clapboard. The roofline is marked by a deep molded cornice with returns and a wide entablature.</p><br>
<p>Three French doors give entrance from the recessed front porch to the interior, which retains its original plan. The large entrance hall has a set of stairs which lead to the ballroom upstairs, as well as a smaller area that may have been partitioned off from it to make a kitchen. Many areas, particularly in the central portion of the building, also have their original finishes and trim, including some marble mantels.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building&#39;s seamless and symmetrical appearance belies its original construction and expansion. C. Burton originally built the small southern section as a roadside tavern in 1851. Although he was not on the main turnpike route through the area at the time, business was apparently good enough that he expanded the building threefold two years later, adding the current main block.</p><br>
<p>It continued to do well under his and other ownership throughout the rest of the century, first for travelers and then as a regional vacation center, with guests coming via stagecoach from the New York, Orange & Western station in nearby Fallsburg. Starting in 1898, the Grahamsville Fair was held on the land behind the hotel, boosting annual visitation. Early in the new century, the first of two doctors began using it as a residence and office while continuing to put up guests as well, under the names Sycamore House and Hawthorne House.</p><br>
<p>Grahamsville&#39;s resort traffic began to decline with the change in vacationing patterns as the 20th century progressed, and it was just north of Fallsburg and other areas to the south and east that had been dominated by Jewish summer communities, which captured most of that market, the largest segment still regularly visiting the Catskills for extended periods in the summer.</p><br>
<p>From 1938 until 1953 or 1954, it was owned by Dr. Karl H. Messinger, who used the ground floor as his offices, surgery and waiting room. The upper floor was the family&#39;s living quarters, including the ballroom which served as the living/dining room. The north extension was rented as a two-story apartment. Dr. Messinger extensively restored the building during his ownership, including adding a garage to the west side of the building, removing four outdated and unsafe fireplaces, while retaining the marble mantels and surrounds where possible, and replacing the essentially unusable floor in the entrance porch. The flooring he used was marble from tombstones abandoned when the Rondout Reservoir was flooded. They were laid face down in red grout, except for one at the main entrance which was engraved "Home At Last". Dr. Messinger and his family moved away from Grahamsville in 1953, the completion of the Reservoir having made the essentially cashless economy of the area unable to support a medical practice, and sometime within the next couple of years, he sold the property.</p><br>
<p>In 1994 those owners in turn sold to another family, which has been trying to restore the house while living elsewhere.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetics</h2><br>
<p>The hotel&#39;s implementation of the Greek Revival style, and its size, is unusually sophisticated for a rural commercial building far from any major city then (or now).</p><br>
<p>The First White House of the Confederacy is a historic house in Montgomery, Alabama, which was the initial executive residence of President of the Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis and family during early 1861. Moved from its original location in 1919 and completely furnished with original period pieces from the 1850s and 1860s, the 1835 Italianate-style house is open to the public. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1974 and the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage since 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Layout</h2><br>
<p>The First White House of the Confederacy is a large two-story wooden frame house painted white and green. It has five bays across its frontal facade and four on either side. The main section of the house has a one-story wing extending from its rear, upon which two end-exterior chimneys are positioned. It is built on a foundation of brick piers and had a heavy bracketed cornice encircling the hipped roof. The cornice is unique because it has a ventilation system ornamented with a Liberty cap design. A similar cornice can be found upon the rear one-story wing but with a flower design instead of the Liberty Cap one. The exterior walls are weather-boarded. The house has a portico in the center of its facade supported by fluted columns and a balustrade. The wall was built with wooden planks in the portico area to simulate a stone texture. The central entrance is framed with two pilasters with side lights. A transom built with an architrave is placed above the door. The central stairhall has access to a double parlor, two bedrooms, and a back hallway. The parlors have simple wooden doorways and are connected by sliding doors. The bedrooms are designed similarly. The hallway ends in an archway built with Greek revival doorways and an elaborate cornice design surrounding the roof of the doorway. The back hall, which intersected with the main hallway, has access to a side porch. The side porch is connected to the dining room through a hinged window that doubles as a door. The second floor has four bedrooms and what was most likely a nursery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction and early history</h3><br>
<p>The house is thought to have been built in 1832-5 by William Sayre, one of Montgomery&#39;s merchants, and was originally located at the corner of Bibb and Lee Streets in Montgomery. Afterward, the house passed into the possession of J. G. Winter, who remodeled it and sold it to Edmond Harrison of nearby Prattville, Alabama.</p><br>
<h3>As executive mansion</h3><br>
<p>In February 1861, shortly after selecting Davis as president, the Provisional Confederate Congress, meeting in Montgomery, authorized the leasing of an executive mansion. Harrison offered to rent the house fully furnished and staffed for $5,000 per year. After the Davises asked for extra furnishings of silver and linen, another $987 was added to the lease price. Additional furnishings were brought from the Davises house in Biloxi, Mississippi. During the Davises stay at this house, they threw many lavish parties and entertainments. Varina Davis held the first of these for ladies of Montgomery. Records of the events say that they were both lavish and also well-managed.</p><br>
<p>In May 1861, the Confederacy moved its capital to Richmond, Virginia. The Davises vacated the Montgomery executive mansion on May 27, 1861, and moved to the Second White House of the Confederacy in Richmond. The Confederate government sold the lease on the house.</p><br>
<h3>Move and restoration</h3><br>
<p>After the American Civil War concluded, the house was passed on to William Crawford Gibb and then eventually to the Tyson family in 1871. The United Daughters of the Confederacy began planning to take it over, but progress was halting until the foundation of the White House Association of Alabama in 1900, which took over the project. The owner was unwilling to sell the land on which the house stood, and the organization did not have the funding to move it. By 1919, with the help of $25,000 from the Alabama Legislature, the White House Association bought the house and moved it to its present location at 644 Washington Street. By 1921, it was restored on Washington Street.</p><br>
<h3>Current status</h3><br>
<p>Alabama taxpayers subsidize the First White House of the Confederacy with $100,000 per year, leading to criticism in 2017 from various groups and individuals, including Alabama State Senator Hank Sanders, who took issue with the house&#39;s presentation of the history of Alabama and the ideology of the Lost Cause of the Confederacy through the displays and materials in the house; slavery as an issue leading to the American Civil War seemed to play no part in the historical presentation in the house.</p><br>
<p>The Stitt House is an Italianate-style house located in Hot Springs, Arkansas. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Located in Hot Springs National Park, the Stitt House was built in 1877 by industrialist and early city founder Samuel H. Stitt. Together with Colonel Fordyce, he built the Fordyce bathhouse and founded Mountain Valley Spring Water company, and also built the first Arlington Hotel. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>One of the children of Samuel and Augusta Stitt, Herbert Stitt, grew up in the house. His interest in art led him to Boston, Massachusetts, where he won fame as an illustrator. Included among his work are several cover illustrations for the Saturday Evening Post.</p><br>
<p>The Stitt House has been occupied by three individuals whose lives were either closely connected with the history of Hot Springs or whose achievements transcended the local level and received national recognition. Furthermore, the Stitt House is a century-old example of eclectic Victorian architecture, which survives intact and in good condition.</p><br>
<p>The Dearborn Inn, A Marriott Hotel is a historic hotel in the suburban city of Dearborn, Michigan in Metro Detroit. It opened in 1931 and closed in February 2023 for renovations. It was conceived by Henry Ford, who saw a need for food and accommodations for visitors flying into the nearby Ford Airport, making it one of the first airport hotels. It is located at 20301 Oakwood Boulevard near The Henry Ford Museum of American Innovation and the world headquarters building of Ford Motor Company. Albert Kahn designed the Dearborn Inn in the Georgian architectural style. The Dearborn Inn is owned by Ford Motor Land Development Corporation and managed by Marriott International.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Inspired by a passion for Colonial Revival architecture, Henry Ford commissioned renowned architect Albert Kahn to design The Dearborn Inn, who in 1931 would create a Georgian inn to serve Fords Dearborn airport. The Dearborn hotel is now recognized on the National Register of Historic Places and features 231 rooms, including five Colonial guest homes, built in 1937. While thoughtful interior renovations have occurred over the Dearborn hotels 82-year history, the exterior has remained the same as Fords original vision. Additional features include Edisons, a fine dining restaurant; the Ten Eyck Tavern, a home-style dining establishment; a seasonal outdoor pool; and 17,000 ft&sup2; of meeting space including the Alexandria Ballroom, which Ford commissioned to satisfy his love of dancing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1931, Henry Ford determined the need for lodging near his airport in Dearborn, Michigan, and he commissioned prominent architect Albert Kahn, who built many of Detroit&#39;s magnificent landmarks to design The Dearborn Inn. Characteristically, Ford took a very active part in the development of the hotel.</p><br>
<p>The Dearborn Inn was situated on a 23 acre site on Oakwood Boulevard across the street from Ford Airport. The Colonial Revival style of the Inn was in harmony with the nearby Edison Institute, and the Inn&#39;s décor was early American colonial, a style favored by Henry Ford. With great fanfare, The Dearborn Inn opened for business in July 1931; Henry Ford was the first person to sign the guestbook.</p><br>
<p>Though the Ford Airport closed in 1933, replaced by the Ford vehicle test track, The Dearborn Inn continued to offer accommodations and dining, as the hotel already had a reputation as one of the nation&#39;s premier inns.</p><br>
<p>In 1933, the Dormitory Building was added to house employees of The Dearborn Inn; however, in the 1960s, it was converted into changing rooms for The Dearborn Inn&#39;s Swim Club.</p><br>
<p>Five replica homes were constructed in 1937, creating a small Colonial Village and adding 31 guestrooms to the Inn. Guests today can still enjoy a stay in the reproduction homes of famous Americans: Edgar Allan Poe, Walt Whitman, Barbara Fritchie, Oliver Wolcott, and Patrick Henry. While the original plan called for 18 historic homes in the Colonial Village, World War II halted further expansion. During the war, pilots from the Detroit airport, just a few miles away, had special accommodations on the Inn&#39;s first floor, and today, one wing of the first floor is still known as “Pilot’s Row”.</p><br>
<p>The Dearborn Inn secured its place in hospitality history with many industry “firsts”. It was called the first airport hotel when it opened although the Oakland Airport Inn had, in fact, opened two years earlier. In 1937, it became the nations first hotel to have air conditioning, and in 1961, it was the first hotel in Michigan to install a direct-dial telephone system for guests. The Dearborn hotel is also said to have influenced the evolution of destination resorts and is considered to be one of the industrys first such properties. The hotel offered families many popular activities of the era, such as horseback riding, tennis, badminton, ballroom dancing for adults, a playground for children, and even sightseeing trips over Detroit and Windsor, Ontario in a Ford Tri-Motor airplane.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, two motor lodges were completed, adding another 54 rooms to The Dearborn Inn complex. Named after two geniuses of American ingenuity admired by Henry Ford, the Burbank House (in honor of horticulturalist Luther Burbank) and the McGuffey House (in honor of Dr. William Holmes McGuffey, author of the McGuffey Readers) were designed to offer larger rooms and suites for families and bridal couples.</p><br>
<p>Ballroom dancing was one of Henry Fords great passions, and, emulating a space he had admired in Virginia, Ford designed the 3,444 ft&sup2; Alexandria Ballroom to provide a place to dance with family and friends. When the Greenfield Room, now the hotels executive offices, was added in 1965, it was said to be the first of its kind with a ground floor, drive-in meeting and exhibit room. Today, the hotel&#39;s meeting and event space includes a total of 17,000 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>On December 10, 1982, the National Park Service placed The Dearborn Inn on the National Register of Historic Places. The Michigan State Historic Register listed The Dearborn Inn and Colonial Homes on February 10, 1983. The hotel underwent extensive renovation and expansion in 1987, which enlarged the banquet facilities, increased and completely refurbished the guestrooms, including the historical homes. Also, the grounds were extensively landscaped and three of the guest cottages were relocated to an expansive common area behind the Inn. Throughout the design and construction phases, great care was taken to maintain the historical integrity of the Inn. The hotel reopened in 1989 managed by Marriott International as The Dearborn Inn, A Marriott Hotel.</p><br>
<p>As part of its 75th anniversary, The Dearborn Inn underwent another renovation in 2008, including a complete renovation of guest rooms and corridors as well as the addition of modern technological amenities. In 2009, AAA recognized The Dearborn Inn as one of its top 10 USA historic hotels.</p><br>
<p>The hotel closed in February 2023 for renovations.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Dearborn Inn is located two blocks from The Henry Ford, home of the Henry Ford Museum, Greenfield Village, Rouge Factory Tour, and Giant Screen Experience, and near other area attractions, such as the Henry Ford Estate, Detroit Casinos, Detroit Institute of Arts, Museum of African American History, Automobile Hall of Fame, Arab American National Museum, and the Detroit Zoo.</p><br>
<p>The First Congregational Church of Zumbrota is an historic congregational church in Zumbrota, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1862 in the form of a colonial meeting house. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for being one of Southeast Minnesota&#39;s oldest standing churches and a reflection of New Englander settlement in many of its towns.</p><br>
<p>On June 28, 1857, fifty people attended a meeting in the Webster and Thompson Land Office to formally organize the church. The fourteen charter members of the church were:</p><br>
<p>Josiah and Nancy W. Thompson, Charles and Harriet E. Ward, and Thomas P. Kellett, all of Lowell, Massachusetts; Charles C. and Elizabeth D. Webster of Canaan, New Hampshire; George and Abby R. Sanderson of Red Wing, Minnesota; Albert and Lucy Ann Barrett of Staffordville, Connecticut; D. Berkley and Susan H. Goddard of Worcester, Massachusetts; and Nathaniel Mullihan of Brookline, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>A hall on the second floor of T.P. Kellett&#39;s store (on the corner where the downtown Bank of Zumbrota now stands) was used for a church service for the first time on Thanksgiving Day of 1857. By 1860, the members began to seriously consider building a church, but because of the poor harvests in 1857-59, people had very little cash, and so one of the members was authorized to go back to Massachusetts to ask for donations. He collected $1,000, which made it possible to begin construction in the fall of 1861.</p><br>
<p>The lumber was purchased in Red Wing and hauled to the site by teams of oxen, because railroads had not yet come to Zumbrota. Each trip took two days. The lime was hauled from Lake City. One member had a stone quarry on his farm northwest of the town; this provided stone for the foundation. The stove pipe was donated by a Detroit hardware firm. John Willard of New York donated fifty hymnals. The first service in the new sanctuary was held in 1862. A bell, donated by the Ladies’ Society at a cost of $640, was hung in the belfry in 1868. The bell weighs 1,202 pounds and is still in use. Formerly it served as a school bell and a fire bell, as well as the church bell.</p><br>
<p>The back section of the church was added in 1880 as a social room and Sunday school area. A furnace was also added, along with chandeliers which held kerosene lamps. Old photos show wallpaper in the sanctuary, probably part of this same redecoration. Later, however, the walls were returned to their original New England white.</p><br>
<p>The first musical instrument in the church was a melodeon. After that, a reed organ was used until 1885 when the current organ was purchased from the Winona Congregational Church for $700. The organ was built in 1867 by the Steere and Turner Company. For many years the organ was pumped by hand. A complete record of the boys who pumped is carried in the initials carved during dull moments. Payment for this task was $6/year for many years, but was later raised to twenty-five cents per Sunday. The organ is believed to be the oldest pipe organ in Minnesota in regular use.</p><br>
<p>In 1916, the Congregational Church became federated with the Methodist Episcopal Church of Zumbrota. This federation was dissolved in 1920. In 1957, the Congregational Church became part of the United Church of Christ. In 1968, it was yoked with the Presbyterian Church of Oronoco. The yoke was subsequently dissolved in 2017.</p><br>
<p>The First Congregational United Church of Christ was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 through the efforts of Alvin Schlasner, in memory of his wife, Laura Schlasner.</p><br>
<p>Todays members strive to blend the buildings historic character with the churchs mission “to listen to the still speaking voice of God, to welcome all, to love our neighbor, to serve those in need, to live in faith, to accept grace, and in all things to give God the glory.” The church affirms ecumenical activity that fosters peacemaking and enrichment for all. It proclaims its commitment to the ministry of Jesus Christ for and with all persons without regard to race, gender, age, ability, economic status, or sexual orientation. The congregation voted to become a United Church of Christ Open and Affirming&#39; church in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Peace Pole located near the church was created for the churchs sesquicentennial in 2007. Each square of iron was carved by a member, then cast as part of the Zumbrota Area Arts Councils Iron Pour, which coincided with the anniversary celebration. The words, “Peace: Let It Begin With Me,” echo the words of the Peace Hymn frequently sung at Sunday worship. First Congregational United Church of Christ, Zumbrota, welcomes visitors. Tours can be arranged by calling the church office, 507-732-7015.</p><br>
<p>West Vernor–Junction Historic District is a commercial historic district located along West Vernor Highway between Lansing and Cavalry in Detroit, Michigan. The district includes 160 acre and 44 buildings. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the 1860s and 1870s the area that is now the West Vernor–Junction Historic District was a quiet farming community. However, in the 1880s the farmland began to be divided for residential occupation. By 1881, a wood frame Catholic church (which later developed into the Most Holy Redeemer Church) was in place on the corner of what now is Vernor and Junction. A number of wood frame commercial buildings (some still extant) were built along Vernor in the 1880s and 1890s, as well as a few early brick commercial buildings. More brick commercial buildings were constructed in the 1910s and 1920s when the nearby Ford River Rouge Complex was constructed, leading to a boom in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Many Lithuanians settled in Detroit during the World War II era, especially on the citys Southwest side in the West Vernor area where the renovated Lithuanian Hall reopened in 2006. St. Anthonys parish at 1750 25th Street became a predominantly attended by Lithuanian immigrants and continued to hold services in Lithuanian until its closure in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The West Vernor–Junction Historic District is adjacent to Mexicantown and contains a large vibrant Latino community and resurgent neighborhoods. The commercial district contains one of the few concentrations of early wood frame commercial buildings in the city of Detroit, and is one of the few neighborhood commercial districts to survive through Detroit&#39;s economic problems.</p><br>
<p>The district is primarily composed of two-story wood frame and brick commercial buildings. The buildings east of Junction are in general older, with some structures dating to the 1890s, while the blocks west of Junction date primarily to the 1900s and 1910s. Significant structures include the 600-seat Stratford Theatre at 4751 W. Vernor Hwy., designed by Joseph P. Jogerst, which seated 1,137 when it opened in 1916. The Art Deco-styled Stratford has operated as a retail store since 1985. The nearby Brown&#39;s Bun Bakery, with a white enameled metal panel facade, is an excellent example of Art Deco style.</p><br>
<p>The district also includes the historic Most Holy Redeemer Church, designed by architects Donaldson and Meier, which was once estimated as the largest Catholic parish in North America, and is physically one of the largest parish complexes in the state of Michigan. The complex contains the 1923 Neo-Romanesque church and monastery, a Late Gothic Revival auditorium, the 1901 elementary school building, the 1928 high school and gymnasium (now operating as Detroit Cristo-Rey), and the 1939 convent building. Most of these buildings were designed by the firm of Donaldson and Meier. The church still serves the local community.</p><br>
<h2>In Culture</h2><br>
<p>A Hollywood movie, The Rosary Murders (1987), starring actor Donald Sutherland prominently featured the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The West Vernor–Lawndale Historic District is a two-block commercial historic district located along West Vernor Highway between Cabot and Ferris Streets in Detroit, Michigan. The district includes 30 acre and 10 buildings. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This area around West Vernor Highway was settled by German immigrants in the 1870s, and became a small farming community. By the early 1900s, the farms began to be platted into subdivisions. A few commercial buildings were constructed during this time, but commercial development in the district rapidly increased in the 1920s after the completion of the nearby Ford River Rouge Complex and the subsequent expansion of the nearby residential districts. Most of the buildings within the district date to this time.</p><br>
<p>Development ceased during the Great Depression. Afterward, the area remained economically viable into the 1960s when the effects of the citywide population loss and disinvestment became apparent. However, the Vernor/Lawndale District retains a diverse mixture of ethnic groups, with the original German immigrants making way for a primarily African-American and Latino population.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The West Vemor/Lawndale District includes ten commercial and commercial/apartment buildings along West Vernor. These buildings include:</p><br>
<p>8547-8605 West Vernor, 1925. A two-story brick building with two storefronts below and residential apartments above.</p><br>
<p>8617-19 West Vernor, 1925. A two-story brick building with storefronts below and residential apartments above.</p><br>
<p>8623-27 West Vernor, 1916. A two-story Commercial brick building with storefronts below and residential apartments above.</p><br>
<p>8633 West Vernor, 1925. A two-story brick building with storefronts below and residential apartments above.</p><br>
<p>8634-40 West Vernor, (Weisburg Building) 1926. A large three-story Georgian Revival brick building which originally had three storefronts below and 18 apartments above.</p><br>
<p>8701-11 West Vernor, (Odd Fellows Hall) 1917. An Adamesque two-story brick structure, designed by Fred Swirsky, with a storefront below and public hall space upstairs.</p><br>
<p>8710 West Vernor, (People&#39;s State Bank) 1919. A Neoclassical single-story temple front brick commercial building.</p><br>
<p>8715-41 West Vernor, (Ferndale Apartments) 1923. A large three-story Georgian Revival brick building built in an H shape, with storefronts below, and apartments on the two upper levels. This building contains the Detroit Public Library Campbell branch.</p><br>
<p>8734-36 West Vernor, 1915. A two-story brick building with storefronts below and residential apartments above.</p><br>
<p>8740-48 West Vernor (Cabot Apartments), 1926. A three-story Georgian Revival brick building with flat roof capped with stone. Apartments are located above street level storefronts.</p><br>
<p>The West Vernor–Springwells Historic District is a six block long commercial historic district located along West Vernor Highway between Honorah and Norman in Detroit, Michigan. The district includes 80 acre and 28 buildings. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 19th century, the area around this historic district was a small farming community. However, as Detroit expanded and industry moved into the area in the late 1880s, the farms began to be subdivided. Shortly thereafter, a few frame commercial buildings were erected along what is now Vernor Highway. In the 1910s and 1920s, the neighborhood grew rapidly as a result of the construction of the nearby Ford River Rouge Complex. At that time, a substantial number of brick commercial buildings were constructed along Vernor.</p><br>
<p>In 1915, in response to the growing population of primarily German immigrants, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit established St. Gabriel&#39;s Church (located at Vernor and Norman). The Vernor/Springwells commercial district continued to grow through the 1920s and into the 1930s. In the 1950s, African Americans began moving into the neighborhood, and the 1980s saw an influx of Hispanic residents.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The West Vernor–Springwells Historic District spans six blocks along West Vernor, centered on the West Vernor/Springwells intersection, but also containing the West Vernor/Central Avenue intersection. The district contains a high concentration of early twentieth century two-story commercial buildings. Some of these buildings are quite long, containing four to six storefronts apiece. The most visually striking structure is the former Rio theatre, designed by architect Cyril Edward Schley, at the northwest corner of West Vernor and Central Avenue</p><br>
<p>The district also the St. Gabriel&#39;s Church parish complex. This complex contains a 1916 Italian Renaissance style rectory, the original 1918 Romanesque Revival church designed by Oscar C. Gottesleben, which was later converted into the parish school, and the 1953 St. Gabriel Church designed by Diehl and Diehl. The church still serves Catholic parishioners in the neighborhood. The school operated as a Catholic school until the early 1990s, and in 1996 reopened as the Caesar CHavez Academy.</p><br>
<p>The Longfellow School, also known as Church Street School, is a historic school building at 6 Church Street in Rutland, Vermont. Built in 1890, it was the first purpose-built graded school in the city, serving as a model for later schools. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. It now houses the administrative offices of the city schools.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Longfellow School building is located in central Rutland, on the east side of Church Street near its junction with West Street. It is a 2-1/2 story brick building, with a hip roof and a raised basement, which is separated from the ground floor by a stone beltcourse. Gabled wings project slightly to either side, and the roof is pierced by a number of hip-roof dormers. The front facade is twelve bays wide, with a four-bay gabled section projecting from the roof above the central bays, topped by an octagonal belfry. The main entrance is recessed in a round-arch opening that occupies the center four bays. Windows on the other bays have rusticated stone sills and lintels, with the upper-floor lintels joined in a continuous band. The central four windows on the second floor are articulated by slightly projecting pilasters supported by stone brackets.</p><br>
<p>The school was built in 1890, not long after the city adopted a graded schooling plan, and was thus the first school built to specifically support this type of teaching. Although standards for lighting, ventilation, and other features of schools had not yet been standardized by the state, this school was also at the forefront of advances in those areas, and served as a model for later schools built by the city.</p><br>
<p>Longfellow School is a two-story grade school in the Greenbush neighborhood of Madison, Wisconsin, built in 1917 and expanded in 1924 and 1938. In 1996 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Greenbush Addition to Madison was platted in 1854. The first homes were built in the southwest corner, where the land was highest. The remainder needed to be filled before houses could be built. Some areas were filled with gravel. Others were filled by dumping garbage until it surmounted the water table, then spreading dirt over the top.</p><br>
<p>Greenbush developed as a group of different ethnic communities. The early settlers were mostly German and Irish. In the 1890s many Russian Jews arrived, fleeing pogroms in Europe, settling around Mound and Park streets. Italian immigrants (mostly Sicilian) followed from 1900 to 1915 - many of them railroad workers or ditch diggers for Madison Gas Company. There were also about ten African-American families.</p><br>
<p>Madisons first public school had opened in 1838 in a log cabin, when the new community was clustered around the capitol square. Population began growing in the Bush in the 1870s, but a public school wasnt built in the neighborhood until 1892. That first Greenbush Public School was built on the southeast corner of the site occupied by the current Longfellow School. It was renamed Longfellow School around 1902. In 1909 another building was added, probably designed by Claude & Starck. This was an elementary school, and in 1911 it had 361 students. Only six years later the enrollment had increased to 700 students and the complex needed expansion again.</p><br>
<p>That 1917 expansion is the north section of the current building. It was designed by James R. Law with a gym in the basement and classrooms above. A matching section with a 2-story auditorium and lunch room was added in 1924, designed by James and Edward Law. In 1938 the 1892 building was torn down and replaced by a section with a larger gymnasium, library and music room designed by the Laws and Ellis Potter and built as a Public Works Administration project. In 1940, the 1909 building was torn down, leaving the structure that stands today. It has a reverse L-shaped footprint and is about 275 ft wide in its main facade, running north–south, and about 60 ft on the north end and 105 ft deep on the south end. It is built of load-bearing red brick walls in running stretcher bond in the original 1917 section, and with structural clay tile with brick veneer in the 1924 and 1938 sections.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s architecture is of the rare Elizabethan-Jacobean Revival subtype of Tudor Revival architecture. Elements of this style are the shaped parapets, the Tudor-arched doorways, the tabs around some of the doorways and trim, and the designs in the north section. In that section, six grotesque faces looked down on the students from the bottom of the parapet.</p><br>
<p>Attendance at Longfellow hit a second peak around 475 in the 1940s and 1950s. In the 1960s attendance began to drop, partly due to an urban renewal program that razed and rebuilt 52 acres of Greenbush. Starting in 1972 some of the space was taken up by an alternative high school in the north end of the building. Use as a public school stopped in 1980. Since then, the building has mostly been used by Meriter Hospital.</p><br>
<p>Longfellow School was added to the NRHP in 1996 as a good local example of the unusual Elizabethan-Jacobean type of Tudor Revival architecture, and as a good representative of the evolution of elementary education in the USA, starting as classrooms, and gradually adding auditorium, gym, library and other areas.</p><br>
<p>Citizens National Bank is a historic bank building located at Springville, Erie County, New York. It was built in 1939, and is a two-story, five-bay, square brick building with Moderne style design elements. The interior features a mural titled "Credit Man&#39;s Confidence in Man" and painted by noted artist Louis Grell. The building housed a bank until 1968 when it was sold to the Village of Springville. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. There is also a fallout shelter inside with five inch concrete walls and capabilities to hold up to 400 people for 6 months</p><br>
<p>Citizens National Bank, since known as the Hilliard-Lyons Building and Kunkel Square, is a building noted for its stone and terracotta facade, located at Fourth and Main Street in downtown Evansville, Indiana. The building is ten stories tall and was the regions first skyscraper. The architect was William Lee Stoddart. It officially opened on Washingtons birthday in 1916. In 2011 the building was converted to 46 luxury apartments.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Riverside Park is a historic park located in the Riverside neighborhood in Buffalo, New York. Located in northwest Buffalo, it is an individual park designed by the Olmsted Architectural Firm in 1898 after Frederick Law Olmsteds retirement. It is on a 22 acre site on a bluff overlooking the Niagara River. Riverside Park was designed for active recreation and periodic alterations have occurred as the communitys recreation needs have changed. Despite the changes, the park retains numerous original design elements and remains as the final element completed as a part of the Olmsted plan for Buffalo&#39;s park system.</p><br>
<p>The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities and events</h2><br>
<p>Some attractions include a playground, picnic areas, two public pools, tennis court, and a basketball court. The lighthouse facing Tonawanda street was recently relit after years of inoperation. The Bud Bakewell Arena, located on the Niagara Street side of the park directly facing the river, is an ice rink and lacrosse field, as well as home to youth hockey, Hasek&#39;s Heroes, and other sports affiliations. The park is also home to several baseball diamonds maintained by the River Rock Baseball League, a youth baseball and softball organization, and a fully renovated football field, home to the Black Rock Riverside Little League Football and Cheerleading organization. A winding road, Hotaling Drive, bisects the park at the edge of the football field. In July 2011, the park received additional grant funding for future development.</p><br>
<p>Riverside Parks hosted the annual Friendship Festival in the past along this road during the Independence Day holiday in conjunction with Fort Erie, Canada. In addition, the park hosts a seasonal farmer&#39;s market and other community events.</p><br>
<p>Springville station is a historic train station located at Springville, Erie County, New York. It was built in 1910 by the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway, and is a 1 1/2-story, rectangular brick building with a hipped roof. It consists of a central two-story tower section flanked by wings.</p><br>
<p>The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad operated both daytime and nighttime trains through the station on the BR&P route between Lackawanna Terminal in Buffalo and Baltimore and Ohio Station in Pittsburgh. Additionally, the company operated a local Buffalo to DuBois, Pennsylvania train through the station. The B&O last had passenger trains using the station in 1955 in daytime runs between Pittsburgh and Buffalo.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 as the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railroad Station.</p><br>
<p>The Red Hill Fire Observation Station consists of a fire lookout tower, cabin and pit privy located on the summit of Red Hill, a 2,990 ft Catskill Mountain peak in Denning, New York, United States. It is the southernmost fire tower in the Catskill Park.</p><br>
<p>One of the last state towers built, in 1920, it filled a missing link in the Catskills forest fire detection network. Except for a few brief periods of closure, observers working for the state conservation agencies staffed the tower through 1990, making it the last fire tower closed in the Catskills. The abandoned tower and its views of the region remained a popular destination for local hikers, and it was slated to be torn down in accordance with state policy prohibiting nonessential structures on Forest Preserve land. Preservationists and forest historians campaigned to save and restore it and four other Catskill fire towers, and in the early 21st century they were listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Red Hills observer&#39;s cabin, included as part of the listing, is one of the oldest such buildings in New York.</p><br>
<p>A short trail was constructed to provide access to hikers, since the road used by the observers was later closed by the private landowner. Hikers continue to climb the peak and tower for its views of the Catskill High Peaks to the north.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The tower is a 60 ft high steel frame Aermotor structure, anchored by bolts into the exposed bedrock, with a glazed steel cab on top reached by an eight-flight staircase. It is located in a grassy clearing of roughly 500 ft&sup2, just east of the mountains summit, along a narrow ridge. At the clearings west end, the upper end of the trail and the mountain&#39;s true summit, is the rustic one-room cabin where observers lived during their shifts in the tower. Just to its north is a small wooden privy. Two picnic tables are in the area between the cabin and the tower.</p><br>
<p>The cabin is a small, one-story, 14 by gable-roofed frame building. It is sided with "brainstorm", edge board stained reddish brown. It has a mortared rubblestone foundation and a covered porch on the south elevation, originally decked in wood but since replaced with concrete. Built in 1931, it is one of the oldest remaining observer&#39;s cabins in New York, a rare intact example of the earlier style used by the then-state Conservation Commission.</p><br>
<p>The tower and cabin are old enough to be considered contributing resources to the NRHP listing. The privy and picnic tables were added later for the convenience of hikers, and are not contributing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The biggest challenge to New York following the establishment of the Forest Preserve in 1885 had been fire control and prevention. Illegal logging operations often disposed of their remaining slash by setting it on fire without remaining to make sure it burned out safely and sparks from the steam locomotives of the region&#39;s railroads also caused conflagrations.</p><br>
<p>In 1889 members of the Balsam Lake Club built the Catskills first fire tower on the summit of Balsam Lake Mountain; twenty years later, after the fires two drought-plagued summers had taken a heavy toll on the forests, the states Forest, Fish and Game Commission (FFGC) took it over as part of a new strategy, proven successful in Maine. of putting trained observers in strategically placed towers to spot the first traces of fire and report its location via dedicated telephone lines. The state built its first tower on Greene County&#39;s highest peak, Hunter Mountain later in 1909, and within a decade there were several others throughout the range and in the nearby Shawangunks.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, the Conservation Commission, which the FFGC had become, found that there was still a large area of the southern Catskills, in Sullivan and Ulster counties, poorly served by the existing towers. Red Hill was chosen as the site for a new tower (supposedly after political pressure forced the state to reconsider Sullivan County&#39;s Denman Mountain to the south), and early in 1920 a forest ranger brought the disassembled tower up to the summit via horse-drawn wagon. A state crew cut a road through the Dibble farm up from nearby Red Hill Road, strung the telephone line along it, and put up the tower and cabin later that year.</p><br>
<h3>Active use</h3><br>
<p>The cabin was replaced with the current one in 1931. There were no other changes to the site during its years of use. Former observers spoke fondly of the job, whose only serious risk was lightning strikes on the tower while they were in it, which slightly injured a few of them. Many of them kept busy during idle stretches by maintaining the road and telephone line, and hobbies such as woodcarving. They also entertained hikers and other visitors who came up the road from the Dibble farm. It was sometimes necessary for them to live off the land, harvesting wild plants, particularly leeks, and game in the nearby woods, as the cabin had no electricity. They drew their water from a spring at the base of a small cliff on the mountain&#39;s west slope, about 0.3 mi from the tower via a short path.</p><br>
<p>In 1971 the state briefly closed the tower, but it was reopened the next year due to problems with communications in that region. The Dibbles sold their farm in the early 1980s, and the new owner was not as hospitable to hikers, closing it off to all but state access per its easement. Shortly afterward it was closed, as the fire risk to the region had declined since the early 20th century due to the decline of the railroads and logging and the public&#39;s greater vigilance in reporting fires. But a renewed period of heavy fires led the state to reopen it in 1987. This time it remained in use until 1990, the last fire tower in the Catskills to be closed.</p><br>
<h3>Preservation and restoration</h3><br>
<p>George Profous, a forester for what had by then become the states Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) wrote in an early 1990s planning document that the aged, deteriorating tower should be dismantled and removed, not only due to its age but because, out of use, it was no longer permitted on state-owned Forest Preserve land, which New Yorks constitution requires be kept forever wild. Worried residents of Denning and the nearby hamlet of Claryville contacted the Catskill Center for Conservation and Development, a regional advocacy group, to see what they could do to save it, a development Profous had been hoping for. DECs guidelines governing the use of the Forest Preserve do allow the retention of otherwise incompatible structures within it if they enhance the publics understanding of the Forest Preserve, and many visitors and past observers wrote about how seeing the vastness of the Catskill wildlands at once helped them appreciate the importance of protecting it.</p><br>
<p>Within a few years, the campaign had gotten all five remaining Catskill fire towers listed on the Forest Fire Lookout Associations Historic Lookout Register and later the NRHP. State grants matched by money raised through local efforts such as bake sales, dances, fundraising drives, raffling of a quilt and T-shirt sales raised enough money to begin restoring the tower and cabin in 1998. Volunteers from the New York–New Jersey Trail Conference extended the path from the tower to the spring into a trail that would remain within state land down the mountains never-logged northwestern slope to a new trailhead, avoiding the closed road. When all these efforts were complete, in 2000, the Red Hill tower became the first of the restored Catskill fire towers to be reopened to the public.</p><br>
<h2>The tower today</h2><br>
<p>The tower is located within a discontiguous parcel of the Sundown Wild Forest management unit. The old road still exists, but is now closed even to state use. Access is via the trail, which begins on Dinch Road, an old, rocky dirt road that winds down around the mountain&#39;s northwest slope towards the East Branch of the Neversink River. The trail follows yellow plastic markers 1.5 mi and vertically 890 ft up to the tower. Along the way are 10 numbered wooden signs corresponding to listings in an interpretive brochure created by the Red Hill Fire Tower Committee, available at the trail register. They identify plant species found in the area of the markers, many common to Catskill forests.</p><br>
<p>At the summit, volunteer guides man the tower on weekends with good weather between late June and early October every year. There are guides available to bring visitors to the cab of the Firetower on holiday weekends, including Columbus Day. The cab is equipped with paper cutouts identifying the mountains and other landmarks visible within the 50 mi area of the tower on clear days. This 360-degree panorama is dominated by Peekamoose and Table mountains, southernmost of the Catskill High Peaks, and other features of the Slide Mountain Wilderness Area to the north. To the southeast the view takes in the Shawangunk Ridge and the Hudson Valley beyond. It is possible to see the river itself, as well as New Jerseys highest mountain, High Point, when visibility is at its maximum. The southwest horizon is in Northeastern Pennsylvanias Poconos, the southern extension of the Catskills. Elk Mountain, the highest in Pennsylvania outside of the Alleghenies, can be seen.</p><br>
<p>The cabin is also open. It is used as an informal museum of fire protection in the Catskills, with wall displays showing how that was accomplished and artifacts within the cabin showing how observers lived. The porch and picnic tables are available for use. Since the summit is below 3,500 ft in elevation, camping is permitted year-round.</p><br>
<p>The Elmira Heights Village Hall, located in Elmira Heights, New York, was built in 1896. It was designed by local architects Pierce & Bickford. It is significant architecturally as an example of the Chateauesque or Northern Renaissance Revival style of the period. It is significant historically for its role in local government. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Horseheads is a historic railway depot located at Horseheads, Chemung County, New York. It was built in 1866 by the Northern Central Railway . The train station was operated by the NCRY and its successor, the Pennsylvania Railroad, until 1956. The Italianate style building is significant architecturally and historically as a representative of a 19th-century railroad depot.</p><br>
<p>After being closed by the railroad, the depot was purchased by the local feed mill, where it was used for storage for many decades until it was sold to be used as a retail location in 1994. The interior space has been slightly modified and the original wood floors have been replaced by cement ones, but it remains mostly as built. The Horseheads Historical Society purchased the depot in 1995 and started the restoration process in 1997. The new depot museum officially opened on September 18, 1999. The Historical Society now operates a museum and small rental space in the station.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 as the Chemung Railway Depot--Horseheads.</p><br>
<p>Chemung Railway Depot Track Side.jpgTrack side</p><br>
<p>Horseheads Railway Museum (Eugene Zimmerman).JPGMuseum sign</p><br>
<p>Chemung Railway Depot.jpg</p><br>
<p>Monroe County Courthouse in Bloomington, Indiana is a Beaux Arts building built in 1908. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. It is located in the Courthouse Square Historic District and is the seat of government for Monroe County, Indiana.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Monroe County Courthouse was ordered built in 1818 by the county commissioners, as one of the earliest items of business for the new county. "On Tuesday, April 14, (the fifth day ), very specific directions were written for the construction of a temporary log courthouse - a double cabin to be completed by the first of August. This log courthouse was probably located somewhere in the immediate area of where the Waldron Arts building is today."</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was built in August 1818 by Samuel Elliot. The cost of the structure was not to exceed $400. It was a single-story two-room cabin in the manner of a double log cabin. One room was 20 ft square, and the other was 20 ft by 12 ft; the two were separated by a 10 ft entryway. The building was to be 10 ft high to the eaves, and each room was to contain one window facing the east in order to take advantage of the sun. Villagers erected a chimney for each room after it was decided to use the structure as a school.</p><br>
<p>The log cabin courthouse was located on what now would be the south side of the square, now 116 South Walnut Street. Bloomington historian Dennis E. Matthews commissioned Jim Woods, owner of Woods and Nordberg Signs, to sketch the first courthouse in 1988. The charcoal sketch was drawn from a description by Bloomington historian Robert Leffler. Later Matthews made a model of the log cabin courthouse, which can be seen at the Monroe County History Center.</p><br>
<p>The building was unable to handle all the county&#39;s business, and in May 1819 a contract was let for the construction of a brick courthouse with a stone foundation. This replacement was finished in May 1826. It was expanded and remodeled in the 1850s and again in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>The second courthouse was replaced with a new stone building that was designed by architects Wing and Mahurin of Fort Wayne, Indiana. It was constructed from 1907 to 1908 by contractors Drake and Caldwell, at a cost of $188,000. The weather vane from the old building, made of copper and shaped like a fish, was saved and used on the dome of the new courthouse. In 1984, the building received an extensive renovation costing about $2.3 million.</p><br>
<h2>In the media</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse may be seen briefly in the 1979 film, Breaking Away.</p><br>
<p>In April 1994, the hosts of Rox smoked marijuana on the steps of the courthouse as a way of dramatizing the argument for legalization. Clips of the stunt ultimately landed on MTV.</p><br>
<p>The Chemung County Courthouse Complex consists of four buildings built between 1836 and 1899. The oldest building, built in 1836, is the District Attorneys and Treasurers Building. The centerpiece, the courthouse itself, was designed by Horatio Nelson White, and built in 1861–62. These were followed by the County Clerk&#39;s Office in 1875 and the addition of the Court House Annex in 1895. The complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Star Theatre, also known as Partridge Hall, is a shop/meeting hall/theater built in 1878 in Argyle, Wisconsin, in Lafayette County, Wisconsin, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Alanson Partridge was a carpenter who moved from New York to Wisconsin in 1856. In 1878 he built the north wing of the building, with his carpentry shop on the first floor and a large hall above. It was called Partridge Hall, and rented for meetings, dances, and meals. Partridge himself sponsored some events like a Christmas Ball, and advertised it with barkers in the streets. Partridge advocated temperance, so alcohol was not served there. Some time after 1881 he added the south wing.</p><br>
<p>The building is two stories, frame covered with clapboards. Most of the windows have curved tops and the east gable is decorated with a bell-shaped fascia. The hall on the second floor had a stage.</p><br>
<p>In 1908 Partridge sold his hall to Argyle&#39;s Modern Woodmen of America. They continued to rent out the hall, and it remained a social center of the community, hosting meetings, proms, lectures, roller skating, and basketball games. In 1920 the hall was renamed the Star Theatre, and began to show motion pictures: silent films and talkies.</p><br>
<p>In 1945 the movies stopped and the building sat idle. For a while it was used as a hatchery. Around 1980 it was restored to house shops and a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The Elmira Civic Historic District is the area of downtown Elmira, New York where the governmental center developed in the town&#39;s early history. It includes the Chemung County Courthouse Complex, John Hazlett Office Building and the Arnot Art Museum/Icehouse, all on Lake Street. Among the contributing buildings on Church Street are the Richardson Romanesque style Armory Building, the Beaux Arts-style City Hall, designed by Pierce & Bickford, and the U. S. Post Office. Other buildings are on nearby Baldwin Street, Market Street and Carroll Street. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980; four decades later its boundaries were revised.</p><br>
<p>The Pierce County Courthouse is a historic governmental building in Ellsworth, Wisconsin, United States. Built-in 1905, the courthouse sits on the edge of Ellsworth&#39;s business district. Built on a raised foundation of sandstone, it features elements of both the Beaux-Arts and the Neoclassical styles of architecture. Among the distinctive elements of its construction are a large hexagonal dome and multiple Ionic columns.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, the Pierce County Courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Cobblestone House in Eau Claire, Wisconsin is a Gothic Revival style house that was built in 1866. It reflects cobblestone architecture brought by settlers from upstate New York. It has also been known as Bradley H. Marcy House. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974; the listing included one contributing building and one other contributing structure.</p><br>
<p>It is the only cobblestone house known to exist in northwestern Wisconsin. It is also unusual for its Gothic Revival style, instead of Greek Revival style that is far more common for cobblestone buildings.</p><br>
<p>240 Centre Street, formerly the New York City Police Headquarters, is a building in the Little Italy neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, United States. Designed by the firm Hoppin & Koen, it was the headquarters of the New York City Police Department  from 1909 to 1973. Afterward, it was converted into a luxury residential building in 1988 by the firm Ehrenkranz Group & Eckstut, becoming the Police Building Apartments. 240 Centre Street occupies an entire city block between Centre Street to the west, Broome Street to the north, Centre Market Place to the east, and Grand Street to the south. It is a New York City designated landmark and on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>240 Centre Street was designed in a mixture of the Baroque and Renaissance Revival styles. The structure is clad in limestone and granite. The primary elevation of the facade is along Centre Street, where there is a central portico topped by a dome and flanked by two wings. There is also a porte-cochère to the north, a second portico to the south, and a second entrance to the east. Inside are five above-ground stories and two basement levels. The basements originally contained shooting ranges and mechanical rooms, while the first three stories were used almost exclusively as clerical offices. There was also an armory and drill room on the fourth floor and a telegraph center on the fifth floor. In the 1980s, when the building was converted into 56 (later 55) luxury apartments, the interiors were gutted and rebuilt. Most of the residential units are studio apartments and one- to four-bedroom apartments, and there is also some community space and retail space.</p><br>
<p>240 Centre Street replaced an older building nearby on Mulberry Street, which had been completed in 1862. Following the 1898 consolidation of the five boroughs into the City of Greater New York, the NYPD also expanded and needed a new headquarters building. Although a site on Centre Market Place was identified in 1903, construction did not begin for two years due to negotiations over funding and the building&#39;s location. After a further delay caused by the construction of a nearby subway line, 240 Centre Street formally opened on November 27, 1909. Over the subsequent years, there were several proposals to relocate the headquarters, and the NYPD moved some departments to a nearby building. The NYPD headquarters moved to One Police Plaza in 1973. As proposals for a cultural center and a luxury hotel fell through, the building was abandoned for a decade before being sold to Fourth Jeffersonian Associates in 1984. The structure was then converted into a residential building, a project that was completed in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>240 Centre Street is in the Little Italy neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, United States. The Odd Fellows Hall is directly across Grand Street to the south, while the Stephen Van Rensselaer House on Mulberry Street is one block to the southeast. One block north is Petrosino Square, a public plaza dedicated to Joseph Petrosino, the New York City Police Department&#39;s (NYPD) first Italian speaker and an employee at 240 Centre Street.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s western frontage on Centre Street is 300 ft long, while the eastern frontage on Centre Market Place is 311 ft long. The site measures 88 ft wide along Grand Street to the south, and 46 ft wide on Broome Street to the north. Before the development of the present building at 240 Centre Street, the site was occupied by a public market called the Centre Market, which had operated there since 1817.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed by the firm Hoppin & Koen. After being converted into a luxury co-op building in 1988 by Ehrenkranz Group & Eckstut, it is known as the Police Building Apartments. A writer for GQ magazine described the building as being designed in a mixture of the Baroque and Renaissance Revival styles. The New York Times and the New York Daily News likened the buildings design to that of the Old Bailey courthouse in London. In designing the building, Francis L. V. Hoppin of Hoppin & Koen said the structures design had taken inspiration from that of New York City Hall, rather than from other police buildings.</p><br>
<h3>Facade</h3><br>
<p>The structure is clad in limestone and granite. All the windows were replaced with double-glazed panels when the structure was renovated in the 1980s. The building is split into two wings by a central hall that is topped by a gilded dome and a cupola. Due to the uneven dimensions of the site, the southern wing is wider than the northern wing; however, the facades to the west and east are symmetrical. There are bas reliefs on three elevations of the facade.</p><br>
<h4>Centre Street elevation</h4><br>
<p>The main elevation of the facade is the Centre Street elevation, The main entrance is flanked by a set of pillars, which are topped by figures measuring the five boroughs of New York City. just above the main doorway. The central figure is a personification of a woman holding a staff of authority in one hand and the scales of justice in the other. The Manhattan figure measures 12 ft tall and was carved from one block of stone weighing 9 ST. The side figures, representing each of the four outer boroughs, hold tablets with the names of each borough. There are stone lions on either side of the entrance. The portico also has sconces and iron grilles.</p><br>
<p>Above the portico is a four-story cupola The dome is supported by pairs of columns, some of which protrude outward. Each of the clocks is set within oeils-de-boeuf (small rounded windows).</p><br>
<p>The two wings extend off either side of the central portico. Above the wings, on either side of the dome, are Baroque-style towers with narrow windows. The rest of each wing has double-height pilasters in the Corinthian order, which divide the wings vertically into bays. There are pediments above the second-story windows, in addition to architraves above the third-story windows. There are a cornice and balustrade above the third story, and the fourth and fifth stories are placed behind a setback. At the end of either wing is a protruding pavilion with carved window surrounds, broken pediments, and a low dome.</p><br>
<h4>Other elevations</h4><br>
<p>The southern elevation on Grand Street has a portico, similar in design to the central portico on Centre Street. although the entrance was no longer frequently used by the 1960s. Above the northern entrance, the facade includes a single bay with a round arch, which in turn is flanked by Corinthian columns. The eastern elevation on Centre Market Place is similar in design to the western elevation, although the detailing there is flat. There is an entrance on Centre Market Place, which was used by prisoners.</p><br>
<h3>Features</h3><br>
<p>The buildings original plans called for the superstructure to be made partially out of steel. Some 1,500 ST of steel were used in the buildings construction. There is about 114,000 ft2 of space, spanning five above-ground stories and two basement levels. The main entrance and first-story hall were made of Vermont marble, while the other stairs were made of cast iron. In addition, the spaces were decorated with white oak.</p><br>
<h4>Police rooms</h4><br>
<p>The original plans for the building included a shooting range in the sub-basement, with rifle ranges measuring 50 to 100 yd long. each measuring 6 by across. There were also a storage room and safes in the basements northern section, while the southern section had a detectives lounge with bathrooms, showers, and lockers. and the NYPDs printing staff worked on that level as well. The basements also had space for a garage, where the commissioners vehicle could be stored, and which was accessed from the Broome Street porte-cochère. There are rumors that a secret tunnel connected 240 Centre Street with the neighboring Onieal&#39;s Grand Street Restaurant; no trace of the tunnel exists within the building itself, but a dead-end passage under Centre Market Place exists within the restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The first three stories were used almost exclusively as clerical offices. The double-height entrance lobby had marble columns and a coffered ceiling, and chandeliers were suspended from the ceilings coffers. To the south or right of the lobby was a reception room, a conference room, the homicide bureau, and the organized crime bureau. To the north or left were the information bureau, boiler squad, and chief inspectors office. There was also an exhibit of seized drug paraphernalia on the first story. A grand staircase ascended from the entrance hall to the top floor.</p><br>
<p>The second floor contained the commissioners office and bedroom, as well as offices for the commissioners staff. There was also a police library on the third floor, in addition to the deputy commissioner&#39;s office, which was decorated with a Greek Revival–style fireplace.</p><br>
<p>The fourth floor was used as an armory and drill room, with a running track measuring 1/16 mi long; which was adjacent to a playground above one of the wings. The fifth floor contained a measuring room, a telephone switchboard with hundreds of lines, a photograph gallery, and a "rogues&#39; gallery". A telegraph system, which was used 24 hours a day, operated under the central dome, sending messages to other police precincts. There was also a 12,000 gal water tank in the dome.</p><br>
<h4>Apartments</h4><br>
<p>In the 1980s, the building was converted into 56 luxury apartments. Most of the units are studio apartments and one- to four-bedroom apartments ranging from 9500 to 2400 ft2. each of which has high ceilings and a small mezzanine. In addition, there are 18 one-bedroom units, 16 two-bedroom units, 6 three-bedroom units, a single four-bedroom unit, and four "grand apartments". Some of the apartments are duplex units split across two stories. There is a communal area on the ground story. The building also has 13,000 ft2 of retail space in the basement, as well as 18,000 ft2 of space for community groups on the same story.</p><br>
<p>Because the NYPD offices could not be converted easily into apartments, the interiors were gutted and rebuilt when the residential conversion took place. Many of the original decorations were salvaged in the renovation, and all of the apartments have different layouts due to the buildings shape. Several of the apartments have terraces or vaulted ceilings. The apartments generally have ceilings as high as 18 or, though the units with vaulted ceilings are up to 30 ft high. The apartments bathrooms and kitchens have black-and-white tiled floors, and there are also mahogany moldings and rose-colored wallpaper. For the most part, the walls were repainted white during the residential conversion. In addition, the developers added soundproof walls and replaced the mechanical systems.</p><br>
<p>The grand apartments occupy the former commissioners office, dome, gymnasium, and radio room; they have decorations that are not present in the other units, such as indoor balconies, vaults, and skylights. The apartment in the commissioners office covers 4,200 ft2 and has a large terrace. In addition to a 25 ft living room, the dome apartment has a lower level with two wings; four terraces on its third level; and a fourth level surrounded by the building&#39;s clocks. The dome apartment was combined with one of the other apartments in the 2000s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The very first police office was established in 1642 at Stadt Huys, the town hall of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam. The NYPDs original central office was at New York City Hall; the departments first standalone building was constructed at 300 Mulberry Street and opened in 1862. The Mulberry Street building was expanded in 1868 and again in 1869. Following the 1898 consolidation of the five boroughs into the City of Greater New York, the NYPD absorbed the outer boroughs&#39; police departments and, as such, needed a new headquarters building.</p><br>
<h3>Development</h3><br>
<h4>Site selection and design</h4><br>
<p>Eugene E. McLean, the chief engineer of the New York City Department of Finance, proposed closing five public markets in Manhattan in late 1902, including Centre Market. and McLean suggested that the Centre Market site be converted into a location for a new police headquarters. At the time, Centre Market was described as having a "broken and dangerous" floor, and the market had only four remaining merchants. City controller Edward M. Grout suggested that the NYPD&#39;s Mulberry Street headquarters could be replaced with a playground after the new police headquarters at Centre Market was built. Jacob A. Cantor, the Manhattan borough president, suggested that the Centre Market site could be used to construct an annex to the existing police headquarters.</p><br>
<p>In July 1903, NYPD commissioner Francis Vinton Greene announced that he had hired Francis L. V. Hoppin of Hoppin & Koen to design a police headquarters at 240 Centre Street, on the Centre Market site. The original plans called for a six-story, Colonial–style stone-and-brick building covering an area of 380 by. The New York City Board of Estimate initially would not give the NYPD an appropriation for the new headquarters, saying the citys Sinking Fund Commission had to approve the plans. That August, the Sinking Fund Commission granted its approval, allowing Greene to begin soliciting bids for the buildings construction. That November, the Board of Estimate voted to issue $750,000 in corporate stock for the building. City alderman Timothy P. Sullivan opposed the appropriation because he wanted the headquarters to be built on Cooper Square instead. The city&#39;s Municipal Art Commission also approved the designs in December 1903.</p><br>
<p>By early 1904, the plans called for an English Renaissance-style building with a main entrance on Centre Street. Despite Sullivans opposition, the Board of Estimate moved to issue stock for the building that February, and mayor George B. McClellan Jr. approved the stock issue the following month. Meanwhile, William McAdoo, who had taken over as the citys police commissioner that year, wanted to build the headquarters elsewhere. That March, McAdoo asked that the NYPD headquarters be built in Midtown Manhattan, preferably near Times Square, because the Midtown area had more police activity and crimes. He also wrote to McClellan, saying that the headquarters should be between 23rd and 60th streets in Midtown. McAdoo and McClellan toured alternative sites in Midtown that April, but the mayor was unconvinced that the headquarters should be moved. The Board of Estimate rejected McAdoo&#39;s alternate site suggestion in June 1904, directing the NYPD to instead construct the building at Centre Market.</p><br>
<h4>Start of construction</h4><br>
<p>McAdoo solicited bids for the NYPD headquarters&#39; construction in July 1904, but all the bids he received were over budget. McAdoo requested an additional $65,000 for the building, but his request was denied, so McAdoo rejected all the existing bids. Contractors submitted revised bids that December, and the low bidder, Gillespie Brothers, proposed erecting the building for $630,000. Thus, the NYPD requested construction bids for the third time in January 1905, and Gillespie Bros. received the contract for the building and was paid $662,000. Levering & Garrigues received the structural steel subcontract, while Harris H. Uris received the ironwork contract.</p><br>
<p>Hoppin & Koen submitted plans for the headquarters to the Manhattan Bureau of Buildings that February, The city solicited bids for the buildings stonework and ultimately selected the designs of an unidentified "young German". In May 1906, the Board of Estimate approved another $15,000 for the headquarters construction.</p><br>
<h4>Delays and completion</h4><br>
<p>By the beginning of 1907, almost all of the exterior stonework was completed, and the interiors were complete enough that the plasterwork contract was nearly ready to be awarded. That July, the Municipal Art Commission approved the designs for the buildings ironwork. The construction contractors installed all of the statuary on the buildings facade without receiving approval from the Municipal Art Commission, but this discrepancy was not discovered until mid-1907. The commission ultimately rejected plans for two stone lions flanking the entrance, which had to be remodeled. The New York Times wrote that November that the building was complete except for the colonnade at its northern end.</p><br>
<p>Simultaneously, the New York City Subways Centre Street Loop was being constructed on Centre Street, which prevented the contractors from completing the main entrance. Gillespie Bros. filed for bankruptcy at the end of 1907, further delaying the buildings completion. The companys creditors appointed a committee of three men to oversee the NYPD headquarters completion. causing either $8,000 or $10,000 in damage. An investigation found that the arch had collapsed because of displacement in the porte-cochère&#39;s wall.</p><br>
<p>Bingham requested $75,000 in mid-1908 to pay for the buildings furnishings. Bingham also wanted $15,000 for a clock atop the building, which the city controller recommended that the Board of Estimate not fund. The Municipal Art Society announced in November 1908 that it would donate two bronze tablets, one on either side of the main entrance; these tablets were installed the next year. T. L. U. Hoppin of Hoppin & Koen also said that November that the new NYPD headquarters could be opened within two months if the city government paid the contractors $70,000. However, the buildings opening was delayed once again in January 1909, as the main entrance, northern facade, and interiors were still incomplete. That April, Francis Hoppin said the contracts for the heating system and interior murals were about to be awarded. The Board of Aldermen appropriated $75,000 for furnishings in May 1909, and work on the heating and electric systems was underway by that September. Although Binghams successor William Baker wanted permission to buy the furnishings without a public bidding process, the Board of Aldermen declined Bakers request, instead forcing him to acquire furnishings via a public bidding process.</p><br>
<h3>Use as police headquarters</h3><br>
<h4>1900s to 1920s</h4><br>
<p>The NYPD began relocating furniture, documents, and other objects into the new 240 Centre Street headquarters on November 24, 1909. The first sixty prisoners were transported to the headquarters early that December. At that time, the city controller agreed to issue a $150,000 dividend to Gillespie Brothers creditors. The opening of the new police headquarters allowed the NYPD to have all of its main divisions in one building for the first time. The NYPD also had a stable nearby at 136 Baxter Street, accompanying the headquarters. The city government retained 300 Mulberry Street for several more decades, using it as a courthouse. The Centre Street building attracted visiting policemen from San Francisco and London, and its presence prompted ten gun-store owners to move to Centre Market Place in the 20th century. A journalists press office was established directly across Centre Market Place as well.</p><br>
<p>The NYPD began moving some of the offices from its Brooklyn borough headquarters to 240 Centre Street in 1911; the NYPD had moved everything out of the Brooklyn headquarters within two years. A "police hall of fame" was added to the building in May 1911, commemorating police officers who had died in the line of duty. The commemorative memorial tablets at the buildings entrance were dedicated the next year. Subsequently, the NYPD hosted annual ceremonies at the headquarters, commemorate police officers who had been killed while on duty. The building was slightly damaged in 1915 after an anarchist detonated a bomb near the detectives bureau. With the number of employees at the new headquarters increasing, police commissioner Richard Edward Enright requested $4 million in February 1924 for an annex immediately across Centre Market Place to the east. By then, there were 1,115 officers and civilian staff working at 240 Centre Street, and the NYPD had formed several additional divisions, which all had to share space. Had this proposal succeeded, the existing headquarters would have been used by the New York City Board of Health.</p><br>
<p>A radio signaling system was installed at 240 Centre Street in 1926, permitting headquarters staff to alert other NYPD precincts of impending public-safety radio broadcasts. Proposals to relocate the headquarters were brought up again in 1929, when NYPD commissioner Grover Whalen requested funding to study the possibility of relocating the headquarters to Midtown Manhattan. the NYPD agreed to lease the factory for its police college the same December. Whalen requested $3 million from the Board of Estimate in 1930 for the acquisition of land for the new headquarters. Ultimately, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 forced these plans to be canceled.</p><br>
<h4>1930s to 1950s</h4><br>
<p>In the 1930s, The New York Times described the NYPD headquarters as "really one of the quieter spots in New York&quot its duties largely consisted of clerical work, police training, and prisoner lineups.</p><br>
<p>The NYPD dedicated a press building immediately to the east in 1940, which was intended to accommodate the police headquarters press office. In addition, the NYPDs civilian-defense training center was originally headquartered at 240 Centre Street during World War II, though the training center was moved to 300 Mulberry Street in 1942. During this decade, the Centre Street headquarters also contained offices for the Police Athletic League of New York City. The NYPDs missing-persons bureau moved from 240 Centre Street to the annex in 1946 to make way for a planning bureau at 240 Centre. There were also plans to build a new headquarters in Manhattans Civic Center, replacing 240 Centre Street. NYPD commissioner Arthur W. Wallander had requested that the New York City Planning Commission set aside the Collect Pond site for the new headquarters. and nothing further came of the proposal. The building&#39;s antenna was again replaced in 1949, enabling the NYPD to broadcast radio messages from 240 Centre Street to anywhere else in the city. The next year, the NYPD began broadcasting messages between the headquarters building and police vehicles and helicopters.</p><br>
<p>The clock atop the building, which had stopped working during World War II, was also restored and re-illuminated in 1951. The idea of replacing the police headquarters was again discussed in 1954, when NYPD commissioner Francis W. H. Adams suggested relocating the headquarters to Midtown, citing the fact that the Centre Street building was becoming old and antiquated. The same year, Adams requested $380,000 for a television-broadcasting system at the Centre Street headquarters. Adams&#39;s successor, Stephen P. Kennedy, proposed constructing a new police headquarters in Lincoln Square between 64th and 65th streets, but that suggestion was scrapped following discussions with Robert Moses, who led the Lincoln Square development. Kennedy instead sought funding from the Board of Estimate in 1956, seeking to relocate the NYPD headquarters to First Avenue in Midtown Manhattan. He again requested funding for a new headquarters in 1958, asking the City Planning Commission for $1.197 million. The same year, the pistol range in the cellar was destroyed in a fire.</p><br>
<h4>1960s and 1970s</h4><br>
<p>By 1960, Kennedy wanted to relocate the NYPD headquarters to Pearl and Madison streets in the Civic Center. The new site, which became One Police Plaza, received the City Planning Commissions approval in 1961, and the replacement headquarters itself was approved in 1963. By then, the New York Herald Tribune wrote that the NYPD officers had "grown to hate the headquarters pretentious exterior and its unlovely interior". The public frequented 240 Centre Streets "police boutique", where lost and stolen items were collected and auctioned off. Patrick Murphy, who served as the NYPDs deputy commissioner, described the building as lacking air-conditioning and relying on direct current for electricity.</p><br>
<p>The NYPD stopped using the police lineup room on the buildings fourth floor in 1965. The NYPD also installed a fax system at the building in 1966, allowing officers to electronically check fingerprints against the New York State Identification and Intelligence System. During the late 1960s, the NYPD spent $1.3 million constructing a communications center in the building; the project involved replacing each boroughs emergency telephone numbers with a single emergency line. The communications center was dedicated in July 1968, replacing the fourth-floor lineup room. After the NYPD installed an electronic computer system in the buildings communications center in 1969, the buildings dispatchers could send out patrol vehicles as soon as they received emergency calls. The same year, the NYPD spent $410,000 installing an electronic command post on the building&#39;s third floor, where closed-circuit television footage from cameras across the city was displayed.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, the building was bombed, injuring several people and damaging the community relations office and an elevator shaft; the militant group Weather Underground took credit for the bombing. The NYPD also began allowing the public to tour the buildings communications center. NYPD staff began relocating to the new headquarters at One Police Plaza in September 1973, and the NYPD press office was moved the next month. The NYPD stopped using 240 Centre Street when One Police Plaza was dedicated on October 16, 1973. By then, the old buildings facade was so decrepit that the building was surrounded by sidewalk sheds, which caught falling debris.</p><br>
<h3>Attempted reuse</h3><br>
<p>When the NYPD vacated 240 Centre Street, the city government had no immediate plan for the structure, which needed several million dollars in renovation.</p><br>
<h4>Cultural center proposal</h4><br>
<p>By June 1974, the Little Italy Restoration Association (LIRA) proposed converting the old police headquarters into a cultural center for Italian Americans, given the buildings location in Manhattans Little Italy neighborhood. There also would have been a piazza next to the building. The cultural center was part of the Risorgimento ("resurgence") plan to preserve the neighborhood, which was announced that September; the local Italian community largely supported the plan. At the time, although the surrounding neighborhood was part of Little Italy, the area&#39;s Chinese population was expanding. The National Endowment for the Arts funded a study into the possible reuse of the building.</p><br>
<p>The city government announced in August 1977 that it would lease 240 Centre Street to LIRA for a nominal fee of $1 a month. The association planned to raise $300,000 to convert 240 Centre Street into a cultural center, and LIRA launched a study on possible uses for the building. Initially, LIRA members disagreed on whether the cultural center should highlight only Italian culture or whether it should also showcase the neighborhoods Chinese, Hispanic, and Jewish populations. Sixteen rooms in one wing of 240 Centre Street were renovated and repainted, and the roof, railings, and two boilers were repainted. The roof terrace was converted to a dance room, while the commissioners office became a bar. Oscar Ianello, LIRA&#39;s leader at the time, anticipated that the entire building would eventually contain community rooms, art studios, rehearsal space, and a swimming pool. In November 1977, the building reopened for a fundraiser, the first major event held there since the NYPD vacated 240 Centre Street.</p><br>
<p>Despite the plans to use 240 Centre Street as a cultural center, LIRA was unable to raise sufficient funds. The building could not be converted into a prison, casino, club, or discotheque, among other uses. Of the 200 respondents, only three had in-depth plans for the building, and only two of these three developers paid a deposit to have their plans reviewed. The presence of guards failed to deter trespassers, leading the city government to begin stationing attack dogs there in early 1981. Additionally, 240 Centre Street was still surrounded by scaffolding.</p><br>
<h4>Hotel proposal and continued abandonment</h4><br>
<p>By February 1981, the city government had tentatively selected a proposal by Canadian developer Trans-Nation Inc. to convert the building into a 125-room luxury hotel. Trans-Nation and the city government signed an agreement that October. As part of the agreement, Trans-Nation would spend $15 million converting the building into the Hotel de Ville, and it would pay the city $350,000 a year in rent, plus payments in lieu of taxes. The plans called for an atrium designed by Giorgio Cavaglieri, as well as rooms across four stories. Trans-Nation also had to restore the exterior and set aside at least 20,000 ft2 for the local community. There would have been a 230-seat movie theater, a second auditorium with 400 seats, and space for galleries and meetings. Had it been completed, the Hotel de Ville would have been one of the few hotels in Lower Manhattan, along with the Vista International.</p><br>
<p>A local firm, Sculpture in the Environment, was hired to renovate 240 Centre Street into a hotel. Renovations had still not commenced by early 1982, while Trans-Nation continued to negotiate with the city government. The building remained decrepit, as the areaway around it was filled with garbage, and there were homeless people and rats. Neighborhood residents complained about the stench, while business owners claimed that the garbage and vagrants were driving away business. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals found in late 1982 that four of the buildings guard dogs also starved to death while the building lay abandoned. Trans-Nation reneged on its proposal to convert the building to a hotel in 1983, as the government of Canada had seized the companys assets.</p><br>
<h3>Residential use</h3><br>
<h4>Sale and renovation</h4><br>
<p>By September 1983, the city government was again seeking to lease out or sell the building. Bill Lawrence, a former acting NYPD commissioner who toured the building, said the interior "was a total disaster", with nearly everything having been destroyed. After 240 Centre Street was sold, photographs and cold case documents from the building were discarded in the East River.</p><br>
<p>The city government sold the still-vacant building in April 1984 to Fourth Jeffersonian Associates for $4.4 million. The new owners planned to convert the structure into 60 apartments, The conversion project, which was originally supposed to cost $11.5 million, would have to include a restaurant and a community center. The renovation was delayed for several months after Jeffersonian&#39;s employees looked at official city street maps and found that the building protruded past the boundaries of its land lot in every direction. The LPC would not allow the developers to modify the building, and the New York City Department of Buildings would not issue a construction permit unless the building conformed to its lot line; accordingly, the street maps had to be redrawn before renovations could start.</p><br>
<p>Ehrenkrantz Group & Eckstut was hired to renovate the building, while Lydia dePolo—who was married to Fourth Jefferson Associates&#39; general partner, Arthur Emil—designed the interiors. and was completed in 1988. It was one of several institutional or publicly owned buildings in New York City to be converted to luxury apartments, as well as one of several co-op or condo buildings around Little Italy.</p><br>
<h4>Late 1980s and 1990s</h4><br>
<p>When the renovation was completed, 240 Centre Street was rebranded as the Police Building, and the apartments were sold for up to $2.5 million each. By March 1988, at least 20 of the apartments had been sold, and Europeans comprised about half of the new apartments owners. Though the neighborhood was characterized as "gritty", the building itself had begun to attract artistic tenants as well. Emil and dePolo took one of the largest apartments (the commissioners office) for themselves, The publisher Jason Epstein and the film producer Daniel Melnick were among the first people to buy apartments there. A fitness studio called Radu opened at the building in 1989. After the renovation was completed, Ehrenkrantz Group & Eckstut received the City Club of New York&#39;s Albert S. Bard Award for architectural excellence in 1989, and the New York Landmarks Conservancy gave the building a "certificate of merit" the following year.</p><br>
<p>The Dime Savings Bank of New York moved to foreclose on 26 of the unsold apartments in 1992 after Fourth Jeffersonian Associates defaulted on $15.39 million in mortgage loans. Emil negotiated with the bank to prevent the apartments from being auctioned off. Initially, the city government leased the basement space for $1 per month to the Organization of Independent Artists, Over the next three years, the gallery hosted works by more than 200 artists. and the models Cindy Crawford, Christy Turlington, and Linda Evangelista.</p><br>
<p>By 1995, the city was looking to lease the basement to another tenant, since the city had to pay carrying charges of $10,000 a month for the basement; In response, City Council member Kathryn E. Freed suggested that the basement could be converted to a methadone clinic. The Organization of Independent Artists also opposed its eviction from the basement, saying that the space was better suited for an art gallery than for a senior center. The co-op board claimed that the city government had delayed submitting plans for the site until May 1998, while supporters of Project Open Door claimed that the co-op board had been blocking the senior center from moving in.</p><br>
<h4>2000s to present</h4><br>
<p>The city government continued to refuse to pay carrying charges on the basement space until 2000 when it agreed to pay back $957,000 in overdue charges; in exchange, the co-op board agreed to let Project Open Door move into the basement. As part of the agreement, the basement space could not contain a soup kitchen, and the senior center would have its own entrance. Project Open Doors existing building on Chrystie Street was to be converted into a soup kitchen. 240 Centre Streets co-op board began reviewing plans for the basement senior center in 2002. The senior center was still not open by 2005, in part because of delays rewiring the basement spaces. In addition, after Calvin Klein sold the dome apartment in the mid-2000s, that apartment was combined with an adjacent unit, reducing the total number of apartments to 55.</p><br>
<p>In advance of the 100th anniversary of the buildings groundbreaking, in April 2005, the NYPD requested that the co-op board allow the police department to excavate the buildings time capsule, but the board&#39;s president Arthur Emil denied the request. During the 21st century, the building continued to attract high-profile tenants including the photographers Gilles Bensimon and Antoine Verglas, the author Toni Morrison, the model Kelly Killoren Bensimon, and the film producer Megan Ellison.</p><br>
<h2>Impact</h2><br>
<h3>Reception</h3><br>
<p>When the building was completed, the Brooklyn Eagle wrote that "the rooms of the commissioner remind one of the private office of a Wall Street banker, while the main staircase from the first floor would do justice to a first-class hotel". An article in the Architects and Builders Magazine said that the structures architecture "would impress both officer and prisoner with the majesty of the law". During its time as a police headquarters, 240 Centre Street contrasted with the smaller buildings nearby, and the New York Daily News wrote that "it stood in graceful counterpoint to the neighborhood around it". By the 1960s, the New York Herald Tribune described the building negatively, saying: "The monstrosity in Centre St. has been described, perhaps charitably, as a mid-Victorian foxhole. Conversely, Henry Hope Reed Jr. wrote for the same newspaper that the building&#39;s Centre Street portico and interiors gave a "palatial impression".</p><br>
<p>After the NYPD moved out of 240 Centre Street, a New York Times reporter described the structure as "one of New York&#39;s most interesting civic buildings", citing the clock tower, sculptures, and gates. Ada Louise Huxtable wrote for the Times in 1976 that the building was "a richly ornate classical fruitcake". After 240 Centre Street became a cultural center, a New York Times writer said that the building "fills its wedge-shaped plot with rare panache" and was a vestige of urban American architecture from before World War I.</p><br>
<p>A Newsday writer said in 1987 that the building&#39;s decorations were more appropriate for a cathedral than for a residential structure. When the residential conversion was completed, Paul Goldberger wrote that 240 Centre Street was "probably the grandest Manhattan apartment residence south of the Dakota" and that the new interiors complemented the original design without completely copying it. Mimi Sheraton, touring the structure in the late 1990s, wrote that it was hard for her to envision the building ever having been used as a police headquarters. By contrast, a writer for New York magazine regarded the lobby as having "the gloomy splendor of a government reception hall in Naples".</p><br>
<h3>Landmark designations and media</h3><br>
<p>In 1974, the LPC began considering designating the building as an official city landmark; the landmark status was endorsed by Nevelson and Onassis. The building has also been the subject of media works. The 1982 movie Q was filmed in the building&#39;s dome; a large nest, a prop from that movie, remained in the dome for several years.</p><br>
<p>Tule Springs Archaeological Site is an archeological site listed on the National Register of Historic Places that is located in the Las Vegas Valley of Nevada, United States. It is one of a few sites in the United States where humans were once thought to have lived alongside, and potentially hunted, extinct Ice Age megafauna, although this view is not supported by the available scientific data and is no longer generally accepted.</p><br>
<p>The archeological site is marked as Nevada Historical Marker 86 and is located within the Floyd Lamb Park at Tule Springs which is operated by the City of Las Vegas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1933, the Tule Springs Expedition, led by Fenley Hunter, was the first major effort to explore the archaeological importance of the area surrounding Tule Springs. Hunter and his team identified an unworked obsidian flake in apparent association with extinct Pleistocene faunal remains at Tule Springs</p><br>
<p>The Nevada State Museum explored the springs area in 1962 and 1963 confirming that the area was home to Ice Age species as well as early North American Paleo-Indian peoples. Richard Shutler directed the project, and Vance Haynes studied the sedimentary layers, using radiocarbon dating to determine their ages. Animals discovered include ground sloths, mammoths, prehistoric horses, American camels and the first giant condors found in Nevada.</p><br>
<p>The springs site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 20, 1979.</p><br>
<p>Tule Springs Ranch and the remaining buildings are listed as a district on the United States National Register of Historic Places in Las Vegas, Nevada. Part of the area is included in the Tule Springs Archaeological Site and is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places. The building are part of the Floyd Lamb Park at Tule Springs which is operated by the City of Las Vegas.</p><br>
<p>Located about 20 miles from the Strip off USA Highway 95 north.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ranch district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 23, 1981.</p><br>
<p>The first establishment at Tule Springs may have been the USA Hotel owned by a Mr. Levandowski (ca. 1905). In 1916 a Mormon settler, Bert Nay, filed for water rights on the site. Nay sold the ranch to Gilbert Hefner in 1928, who owned the property until 1941 when he sold it to Sheriff Gene Ward, who in turn sold it to Prosper Jacob Goumond. Most of the buildings on the ranch date from the 1940s, when Goumond was developing the Tule Springs Ranch into a "divorce ranch."</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Aborn Jackson House is an historic house at 115 Nayatt Road in Barrington, Rhode Island. The -story brick house was designed by architect Norman M. Isham and completed in 1913 for Benjamin Aborn Jackson, a Rhode Island banking and railroad executive. The house is a rare survivor of the development of Nayatt Point as a resort area. The L-shaped building is set well back from Nayatt Road, and is not far from the Nayatt Point Light.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Pioneer in Visalia, California was a sculpture by Solon H. Borglum that was first displayed at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition, a world&#39;s fair in San Francisco in 1915. It was obtained by Visalia for $150, the cost of shipping it from San Francisco.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>From 1916 to 1980, it was located in Mooney Grove Park, at 27000 South Mooney Boulevard, in Visalia. It was toppled by an earthquake in 1980 and destroyed; its internal metal had rusted away. Only the base remains.</p><br>
<p>However, it remains listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Pioneers, also known as Pioneers, is a bronze sculpture in Central Park in Elmwood, Illinois. The sculpture is one of several works by Lorado Taft in Elmwood, his birthplace. Taft was a prominent Chicago-based sculptor with a national reputation for his monuments and fountains, including works designed for the 1893 Columbian Exposition. He donated The Pioneers to Elmwood under the condition that the city pay for its casting and mounting.</p><br>
<p>The sculpture, which is 10 ft tall and weighs 3,500 lb, depicts a pioneer family. The family is looking westward, symbolizing the pioneers westward expansion, and the figures reflect the Midwestern realism of Tafts earlier works rather than the Renaissance-inspired idealism of his later sculptures. The sculpture was dedicated on May 27, 1928, and a public ceremony was held for the occasion. The inscription below the statue reads:</p><br>
<p>WHO BRIDGED THE STREAMSSUBDUED THE SOIL ANDFOUNDED A STATE</p><br>
<p>The sculpture was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 4, 2001.</p><br>
